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HomeMy WebLinkAbout20100106WASHINGTON COUNTY HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION Washington County Administrative Annex 80 West Baltimore Street Hagerstown, Maryland 21740-6003 Telephone: 240-313-2430 FAX: 240-313-2431 Deaf and Hard of Hearing call 7-1-1 for Maryland Relay AGENDA HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION FOR WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND CONFERENCE ROOM 1A & B WASHINGTON COUNTY ADMINISTRATIVE ANNEX 80 WEST BALTIMORE STREET January 6, 2010 7:00PM M A. Call to Order & Roll Call B. Minutes — December 2, 2009 C. Communications & Bills D. Unfinished Business E. Budget F. New Business 1. Permit #2009-05378, 7811 McClellan Ave., replacement deck and new carport in Tilghmanton Rural Village * 2. Permit #2009-05547, 7706 McClellan Ave., new two car garage in Tilghmanton Rural Village* 3. National Register nominations (information mailed previously) a. South Mountain Battlefields (Crampton's Gap and Turner's and Fox's Gap) b. Jacob Funk Farm (Heaton House) G. Other Business H. Executive Session I. Adjournment = written material enclosed \HDC\ajanl0.DOC NOTICE IS GIVEN THAT TUE HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION MAY MEET IN CLOSED SESSION PURSUANT TO SECTION 10.508, STATE GOVERNMENT ARTICLE, ANNOTATED CODE OF MARYLAND. INDIVIDUALS REQUIRING SPECIAL ACCOMMODATIONS ARE REQUESTED TO CONTACT THE WASHINGTON COUNTY PLANNING DEPARTMENT, CON'T'ACT PERMITS DEPARTMENT AT (301) 791-3065 VOICE/TDD TO MAKE. ARRANGEMENTS NO LATER THAN TEN (10) WORKING DAYS PRIOR TO TILE MEETING. www.washoo-IIId.net RECYCLED PAPER His rie- Panning WASHINGTON COUNTY BUILDING & ZONING PERMIT IVR/Activity No: Project No: Permit Type: Inspector Area: Job Address: Location: Parcel No: Zoning Dist: Floodplain: Applicant: Phone Number: Owner: Contractor: Phone Number: Contractor Lic. No: 2009-05378 P2009-1261 RES-ADD B5 7811 MCCLELLAN AVENUE BO S-79-140 7811 MCCLELLAN AVENUE 067-08-0340-00016 RURAL VILLAGE I-' } V N Applied: 12/07/2009 Approved: Status: PENDING District/Acct No: 12008627 STEVENS MICHAEL 4488 TULIP TREE LANE ^• MIDDLETOWN MD s �. 21769 301-606-2189 SPRINGIRTH WILLIAM E JR & TONY Description: REMOVE EXISTING PRESSURE TREATED DECK ON REAR OF HOME, REPLACE WITH 17 -FT X 18 -FT PRESSURE TREATED DECK WITH STEPS TO GRADE, PEIR FOOTERS, PRESSURE TREATED RAILING. NEW STICK BUILT 2 CAR CARPORT 27 -FT X 25 -FT ON EXISTING CONCRETE FOUNDATION WITH PREENGINEERED ROOF TRUSSES AND SHINGLES, ADDITION OF (1) WALK DOOR AT DINING ROOM FOR ACCESS TO NEW CARPORT, REMODEL BASEMENT TO INCLUDE A NEW FULL BATHROOM AND REMOVAL OF ONE NONE LOAD BEARING WALL AND ADD WALLS AT OPEN STAIR AREA. ADDING NEW HVAC SYSTEM TO SUPPLY ENTIRE HOME ANTIETAM MANOR, SECTION 2, LOT 16 "PJ;1SHH IG7rJiv COUNT'( 'L 'N"'J!NG DERAF' I IUIEIVT Foundation Size: 17X18 Exterior Finish: PRESSURE TREATED 25X27 Air Conditioning: Y Type of Heat...: ELEC Septic............: EXISTING Public Sewer...: Time Existed: 23 YEARS Public Water...: Well............: EXISTING Gas .............N N Time Existed: 23 YEARS Electric.......: Y Construction Type: A/R Construction Valuation: $15,000.00 No. Of Bathrooms: 1 Code Enforced: 2006 INT'L RESIDENTIAL CODE No. of Bedrooms: 0 Setbacks Lot Tract Area Lot Area Per Family Front Yard Setback Rear Yard Setback Left Side Setback Right Side Setback Lot Width Proposed 1.03 ACRES 1.03 ACRES 121 0 24 30 Minimum Required 40000 SQ FT 40000 SQ FT 40 50 15 15 100 This permit has been reviewed by the Washington County Department of Permits & Inspections ii Y ,d Pe nA � 2 e\P t toaf u oS37� n I \ s Saia> Y� \ tFg/F ° James. James Gka0.e1 O -flu/ntC/e//Ah 4Ve / EAR NDUS AL p. HFgEgOq PA - ; ril!e' in`i`a s.ti'n-ke'hlWs�::if "s�.�([`�ADm N 68 �\SA1 AME3 it s MARYLAND OR sao ° 1 - Sain James 8 AsgPo aoxeuav TRAININ Rret7ran $b ®..as +I"tiff), q 1B6g0 fl0 -. +4s �7 BOX URY CORREC IONAL INSTIT TION er""r yRk c"O rrd S" "O ._,F t oflls ___ __ Enia 68 Ht:f- Via. � SAY n op/tL L'.. ��.�\ �x NORAfgq 00 no 1 li /� 1 !0506 wEf 9 T S i (f 1• MA 0 DICKE�SON t M ! ': ''° F9 ! r Oq 5�°'aye .Srfi li ,A+: 63 one++ man F IRF�I` ''4Mq 65 / �. " 'airplay j r df-6r, ®Coo r '�c I JI iUFr{ qa— -. w�•-*e }� �I y J \ OAV3 J +. {�i15 "K,��r"� �r •, ..-C y-°�^w`' 10o° a h Bible ieIA Ma or Bi61e �, GRAN) G H J ( Ave 81. R7N 7)ns Map 30 77c-00- 590,000 FT 8 D Joins Map ASE No. NOTE: This location for title purpose only— not to be used for dolormining linos. Property corner Markers Not guaranteed by this location, NOTE: FLOOD ZONE LINES ARE NQI GUARANTEED BY THIS SURVEY. A FLOOD EVALUATION SURVEY WILL BE REQUIRED TO ESTABLISH THE LIMITS OF FLOOD ZONES THAT MAY AFFECT THIS PROPERTY. NCon? ; PoPcm t 15 6 A5,3p:c'rTo A CC1Gl4T of N/A -y I (o' W I V E ?ecL.363F.$i CAF RRT _' FLOOD ZONE: 'L i COMMUNITY PANEL. . NO.: Z4omo H QATEDt-'76 SNP -Hou5E-Cr1=AT1 Ott LAND COfJV? t —to 5CKtcr (2 WA50k JC,VO4COUr1TIjC IApiLAOD CERTIFICATE rPLAT RENCES Z'BI`UTM SURVEYS I'horoby codify that the property dolinoatod'hereon Is in cc • SURVEYING • PLANNING cordance with the Plat of Subdivision and/or deed of record, WAS N. Co. 200 DIII Avenue • Frederick, MD 21701 That the improvements were located by accepted field prae• 301-831.4944 • 301-695.5594 lices and Includeyrmanenlvlsible struclprop s nd encroach- 122 DATE OFSURVEYS Buis, L cnyj j O I i SCALE; 1" r70 A/// � /1� LL - LIBER 3583 DRAWN BY; 5` qq HSWAE LCHOOEC11- 23-'z.o�/� - aC TITLEREPORT OT Fbp RNISHED FOLIO 781 BOUNDARY. JOf3 NO.; • O9 -&o WASHINGTON COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF Vi PERMITS AND INSPECTIONS GABLE SHED GAMBREL SALTBOX A B C D TYPE OF ROOF A 1 •� PRE-ENGINEERED TRUSSES PITCH @-" HURRICANE STRAPS r I r�w� Q��,Ck-•/ ROOFING MATERIAL iL th ROOF SHEATHING IRJJU&-RAF+ERS, @ O'C' n/or Wo tJ n- A l 1 5P#i✓ HEADER '( 2 ) USt✓-Z— 1.75X_tt.Z5 LV 's %ofMT }-D CEILING JOISTS @4 O.C. POSTS @ D.C. ❑.C. 4CONCRETE SLAB ON 4' - GRAVEL/STONE FILL WITH 6 MIL, VAPOR RETARDER U` 1� UsLs�, Hy —r--- �• "gta I A SHOW POSTS LOCATION: AND DINENSIUUS- bUNDATI.ON4LL FOOTING SIZE _ WITH 2, #4.$EBAR H I. L7 . W` 2 L7 z J w U E D I z z S O z �rXl 1 R-10, 2 FEET 0 _ x NOTE i INSULATION CAN BE HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL OR A COMBINATION:OF BOTH, ' INSULATION CAN ALSO BL ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE a r FOUNDATION WALL. WALL SECTION POST FRAME CONSTRUCTION ON CONCRETE SLAB FOR ADDITIONS ONLY REV' 10/14/00 WASHINGTON COUNTY BUILDING & ZONING PERMIT AaE IVR/Activity No: 2009-05547 Applied: 12/17/2009 Project No: P2009-1292 Approved: Permit Type: RES-NEW Status: PENDING Inspector Area: 85 District/Acct No: 12004389 Job Address: 7706 MCCLELLAN AVENUE BO Location: S-75-708 MCCLELLAN AVENUE Parcel No: 067-14-0310-00010 Zoning Dist: RURAL VILLAGE Floodplain: C Applicant: HARSH JOSEPH M & SUSAN 7706 MCCLELLAN AVE BOONSBORO, MD j l 21713 Fk Phone Number: 301-582-0642 Owner: HARSH JOSEPH M & SUSAN Contractor: Phone Number: Contractor Lic. No: N S'I HHCJ."i(I Description: 24X30 TWO CAR DETACHED GARAGE FRAME CONSTRUCTION WITH PREENGINEERED TRUSSES. CONCRETE BLOCK FOUNDATION WITH CONCRETE SLAB SHINGLED ROOF. EXTERIOR TO MATCH DWELLING. ANTIETAM MANOR SECTION 3 LOT 10 Foundation Size: 24X30 Type of Heat...: Public Sewer...: Public Water...: Gas............ Electric.......: Y Exterior Finish: VINYL Air Conditioning: Septic............ Time Existed: Well............ Time Existed: Construction Type: Construction Valuation: $10,000.00 Code Enforced: 2006 INT'L RESIDENTIAL CODE Setbacks Lot Tract Area Lot Area Per Family Front Yard Setback Rear Yard Setback Left Side Setback Right Side Setback Lot Width Proposed 1.03 ACRES 45 100 150 105 EXISTING 33 YRS EXISTING 33 YRS GAR No. Of Bathrooms: No. of Bedrooms: 0 Minimum Required 40,000 SQ FT 25 8 90 8 This permit has been reviewed by the Washington County Department of Permits & Inspections and meets all applicable local brid state codes and ordinances. Should you have any questions, please contact our department at 240-313-2460 between the hours of 7:30 a.m. through 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday. 80 West Baltimore Street, Hagerstown, MD 21740 Phone: 240.313-2460 Fax: 240-313-2461 1 /1 %l 0C& -t turn Ma ��nn� t• zap -170(0 M `G to Saint James 21 0 4n Brerflren N fins Map 30 G I4 Joins Map ( _ sb _ °j� r WASHINGTON COUNTY DIVISION OF PLANNING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Washington County Administrative Annex 80 West Baltimore Street Hagerstown, Maryland 21740-6003 Telephone: 240-313-2430 FAX: 240-313-2431 Deaf and Hard of Hearing call 7-1-1 for Maryland Relay MEMORANDUM TO Historic District Commission members /fl/i,) FROM Stephen T. Goodrich, Chief Planner DATE December 16, 2009 SUBJECT National Register Nominations South Mountain Battlefields Lt Jacob M. Funk Farm (Heaton House) Two National Register nominations are enclosed for your review. They will be scheduled for the regular meeting to be held on January 6, 2010. Part of the HDC's responsibility as a Certified Local Government is the "local" review of these applications and a recommendation to the Maryland Historical Trust. There is a lot of information to review so I thought it would be helpful to get it to you as soon as possible. There are two applications. The first is for South Mountain Battlefields which contains two districts, Crampton's Gap and Turner's and Fox's Gap. The overall context is contained in the Multiple Property Documentation Form and the details for each site are described in the separate registration forms. The second application is for the Jacob Funk Farm. It is a single property nomination. Also enclosed to guide your review and recommendation is the National Park Service Bulletin #15 "How to Apply the National Register Criteria" which is designed specifically for this task. The entire document is valuable reading but if you want to focus on the most applicable sections I would recommend Chapters II, III, V, VI (Criterion A & C) and VIII. These reviews must be conducted in a public forum. Property owners will be notified and permitted to attend your meeting. If you are not able to attend the January 6, 2010 meeting please let me know as soon as possible. If there isn't a quorum we'll need to reschedule and notify all property owners of a new date. Enclosures STG/me www.washco-md.net RECYCLED PAPER WASHINGTON COUNTY HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION d Washington County Administrative Annex 80 West Baltimore Street Hagerstown, Maryland 21740-6003 Telephone: 240-313-2430 FAX: 240-313-2431 Deaf and Hard of Hearing call 7-1-1 for Maryland Relay December 17. 2009 Norma Heaton 21116 Black Rock Road Hagerstown, MD 21740 RE: JACOB M. FUNK FARM (HEATON HOUSE) NATIONAL REGISTER NOMINATION Dear Mrs. Heaton: The Washington County Historic District Commission (HDC) will consider the above referenced property for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places on January 6, 2010. The National Register is the Federal Government's official list of properties considered worthy of recognition for their significance in American history and culture. Listing in the National Register confers certain benefits which are outlined on the attached list. The meeting will be held in the conference room of the Washington County Administrative Annex Building located at 80 West Baltimore Street in Hagerstown, MD beginning at 7:00 pm. You are most welcome to attend and comment. Should you wish to submit written comments at this time, please address your comments to the HDC Chairman at the above address. Washington County and the Historic District Commission are certified by the Maryland Historical Trust and the National Park Service to participate in the National Register nomination process. In its role as a Certified Local Government, Washington County is charged with evaluating the National Register eligibility of the resource. The Historic District Commission and the Board of County Commissioners will make recommendations to the Maryland Historical Trust which administers the National Register program as the State Historic Preservation Office for Maryland. If both the Historic District Commission and the County Commissioners oppose the nomination, the process will stop unless an appeal is filed with the State Historic Preservation Officer. If either of these recommends nomination, the nomination process will continue. A copy of the Commission meeting agenda, effects of listing, and the criteria used for evaluation, are enclosed. If you have questions or want a copy of the nomination docwnentation, please contact me at 240-313-2438 or soodrich@washco-md.net. For further information on the National Register, the nomination process, effects of listing, and the owner's right to comment or object, please contact the National Register Administrator at the Maryland Historical Trust, 100 Community Place, Crownsville, MD 21032, 410-514-7649. Since[ely,,: Stephen T. Goodrich Chief Planner Enclosures: meeting agenda, Effects of Listing Maryland Properties, Criteria for Evaluation www.washco-md.net RECYCLED PAPER WASHINGTON COUNTY HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION A Washington County Administrative Annex 80 West Baltimore Street Hagerstown, Maryland 2174b-6003 Telephone: 240-313-2430 FAX: 240-313-2431 Deaf and Hard of Hearing call 7-1-1 for Maryland Relay December 17, 2009 RE: SOUTH MOUNTAIN BATTLEFIELDS- TURNER'S GAP AND FOX'S GAP NATIONAL REGISTER NOMINATION Dear Property Owner: The Washington County Historic District Commission (HDC) will consider the above referenced property for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places on January 6, 2010. You are the owner of record of a parcel within the proposed boundary. The National Register is the Federal Government's official list of properties considered worthy of recognition for their significance in American history and culture. Listing in the National Register confers certain benefits which are outlined on the attached list. The meeting will be held in the conference room of the Washington County Administrative Annex Building located at 80 West Baltimore Street in Hagerstown, MD beginning at 7:00 pm. You are most welcome to attend and comment. Should you wish to submit written comments at this time, please address your comments to the HDC Chairman at the above address. Washington County and the Historic District Commission are certified by the Maryland Historical Trust and the National Park Service to participate in the National Register nomination process. In its role as a Certified Local Government, Washington County is charged with evaluating the National Register eligibility of the resource. The Historic District Commission and the Board of County Commissioners will make recommendations to the Maryland Historical Trust which administers the National Register program as the State Historic Preservation Office for Maryland. If both the Historic District Commission and the County Commissioners oppose the nomination, the process wil -top unless an appeal is filed with the State Historic Preservation Officer. If either of these recommends nomination, the nomination process will continue. A copy of the Commission meeting agenda, effects of listing, and the criteria used for evaluation, are enclosed. If you have questions or want a copy of the nomination documentation, please contact me at 240-313-2438 or sgoodrich®washco-md.net. For further information on the National Register, the nomination process, effects of listing, and the owner's right to comment or object, please contact the National Register Administrator at the Maryland Historical Trust, 100 Community Place, Crownsville, MD 21032, 410-514-7649. Sincere Stephen T. Goo t'wh Chief Planner Enclosures: meeting agenda, Effects of Listing Maryland Properties, Criteria for Evaluation www.washeo-md.net - RECYCLED PAPER BRIGGLES GEORGE V & SHARON BUCHANAN HUGH D & BONITA CENTRAL MD HERITAGE LEAGUE 6156 OLD NATIONAL PIKE 6017 MOSER RD INC BOONSBORO, MD 21713 BOONSBORO, MD 21713 PO BOX 721 Parcel: 07420004800000 Parcel: 07420003300000 MIDDLETOWN, MD 21769 Account: 2206011306 Account: 2206010970 Parcel: 07420003000003 Account: 2206013465 CHARLES CAROL K & GEORGE COLLISON ARTHUR D III & CROOKSHANK DEBBIE ET AL TOMPKINS STEPHANIE C/O DEBBIE GRIFFIN PO BOX 537 6153 MOSER RD 6148 OLD NATIONAL PIKE MIDDLETOWN, MD 21769 BOONSBORO, MD 21713 BOONSBORO, MD 21713 Parcel: 07419001000006 Parcel: 07420012700000 Parcel: 07414001200000 Account: 2206023177 Account: 2206019455 Account: 2206009573 DELLINGER ROBERT M & BRENDA L DONINI TONY E & SAMANTHIA A DORSEY SOUTH MOUNTAIN 6111 MOSER RD 6129 MOSER RD PROPERTYACQUISITION CO LLC BOONSBORO, MD 21713 BOONSBORO, MD 21713 6132 OLD NATIONAL PIKE Parcel: 07419001000004 Parcel: 07420001300000 BOONSBORO, MD 21713 Account: 2206023150 Account: 2206015581 Parcel: 07420001400000 Account: 2206012841 GREENE HAZEL A ET AL TRUSTEES HANGER WILLIAM L JR & HANGER WILLIAM L JR & 2299 PERSIMMON DR BETTY A L/E BETTY A L/E IJAMSVILLE, MD 21754 6031 MOSER RD 6031 MOSER RD Parcel: 07419001000003 BOONSBORO, MD 21713 BOONSBORO, MD 21713 Account: 2206023126 Parcel: 07802004700000 Parcel: 07420013400002 Account: 2206003818 Account: 2206021840 HARKLEROAD ARTHUR H 5827 MOSER RD BOONSBORO, MD 21713 Parcel: 07802001700000 Account: 2206006531 HENLINE CHARLES EDWARD JR & DAWN M 6133 MOSER RD BOONSBORO, MD 21713 Parcel: 07420013000000 Account: 2206019692 HARRIS CHRISTOPHER L & KAREN M HEANEY MARK E & DOROTHY 6119 MOSER RD SPILLANE BOONSBORO, MD 21713 6204 OLD NATIONAL PIKE Parcel: 07419001000002 BOONSBORO, MD 21713 Account: 2206023142 Parcel: 07420001100000 Account: 2206004679 HEON LOUIS GEORGE JR & GEORGE LOUT 3715 EMILY ST KENSINGTON, MD 20895, Parcel: 07801008400000 Account: 2206011381 HOCKMAN J GREGORY 21327 RENO MONUMENT RD BOONSBORO, MD 21713 Parcel: 07808003300000 Account: 2208004331 HOCKMAN J GREGORY HOLD WAY JOHN B & WILMA J HUGHES LONNIE W ET AL 21327 RENO MONUMENT RD 6039 MOSER RD 5905 MOSER RD BOONSBORO, MD 21713 BOONSBORO, MD 21713 BOONSBORO, MD 21713 Parcel: 07801007000000 Parcel: 07419001000007 Parcel: 07802000700000 Account: 2206020623 Account: 2206023185 Account: 2206004148 KRENSKY KAREN 6123 MOSER RD BOONSBORO, MD 21713 Parcel: 07419001000001 Account: 2206023118 MOWL RICHARD H & DEBRA J 6118 MOSER RD BOONSBORO, MD 21713 Parcel: 07419001000013 Account: 2206010792 OSWALD ROY M 5930 MOSER RD BOONSBORO, MD 21713 Parcel: 07802006400001 Account: 2206017894 LEWIS KATHRYN K 5800 BEECH AVE BETHESDA, MD 20817 Parcel: 07808003400000 Account: 2208005214 NEAL WILLIAM E & EDEAN C 6008 MOSER RD BOONSBORO, MD 21713 Parcel: 07419016000001 Account: 2206034179 OSWALD ROY M 5930 MOSER RD BOONSBORO, MD 21113 Parcel: 07861000500002 Account: 220601 t810 MERHI CARLO M & SHANNA M 6101 MOSER RD BOONSBORO, MD 21713 Parcel: 07419001000005 Account: 2206023169 OSWALD ROY M 5930 MOSER RD BOONSBORO, MD 21713 Parcel: 07801006400002 Account: 2206011802 OSWALD ROY M 5930 MOSERRD BOONSBORO, MD 21713 Parcel: 07801000500000 Account: 2206032850 RABON HOWELL E & WELLS DEBORAH ANN 5941 MOSER RD BOONSBORO, MD 21713 Parcel: 07420002300000 Account: 2206017754 ROUSH BONNIE L & BACK STEVEN W 5813 MOSER RD BOONSBORO, MD 21713 Parcel: 07802001600003 Account: 2206003656 RHODES KATHLEEN E 5927 MOSER RD BOONSBORO, MD 21713 Parcel: 078020007A001 Account: 2206013074 STANLEY PATSY L 6541 WASHINGTON MONUMENT RD BOONSBORO, MD 21713 Parcel: 07408013 800000 Account: 2206015239 VELZIS VINCENT J JR TRUSTEE ET AL VELZIS VINCENT J JR TRUSTEE ET AL 29766 WILSON RD 29766 WILSON RD MECHANICSVILLE, MD 20659 MECHANICSVILLE, MD 20659 Parcel: 07419008700000 Parcel: 074190087A001 Account: 2206003079 Account: 2206003087 VELZIS VINCENT J JR TRUSTEE ET AL WEBBER GAIL A 29766 WILSON RD 6025 MOSER RD MECHANICSVILLE, MD 20659 BOONSBORO, MD 21713 Parcel: 074190087A003 Parcel: 07420013300001 Account: 2206003109 Account: 2206021506 MD FORESTS & PARKS 301 W PRESTON ST BALTIMORE, MD 21201 MD NATURAL RESOURCES C/O LAND & PROP MGMT E-3 TAWES STATE OFFICE BLDG 580 TAYLOR AVE ANNAPOLIS, MD 21401 ROSENBERG ALAN METAL 6003 MOSER RD BOONSBORO, MD 21713 Parcel: 07420005200000 Account: 2206015336 THORN WALL GREGORY C & OLGA R 6012 MOSER RD BOONSBORO, MD 21713 Parcel: 07419002200000 Account: 2206011217 VELZIS VINCENT J JR TRUSTEE ET AL 29766 WILSON RD MECHANICSVILLE, MD 20659 Parcel: 074190087A002 Account: 2206003095 Parcel: Account: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NATIONAL PARK SERVICE PO BOX 908 MARTINSBURG, WV 25402 WASHINGTON .COUNTY HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION a " Washington County Administrative Annex 80 West Baltimore Street Hagerstown, Maryland 21740-6003 Telephone: 240-313-2430 FAX: 240-313-2431 Deaf and Hard of Hearing call 7-1-1 for Maryland Relay December 17, 2009 RE: SOUTH MOUNTAIN BATTLEFIELDS - CRAMPTON'S GAP NATIONAL REGISTER NOMINATION Dear Property Owner: The Washington County Historic District Commission (HDC) will consider the above referenced property for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places on January 6, 2010. You are the owner of record of a parcel within the proposed boundary. The National Register is the Federal Government's official list of properties considered worthy of recognition for their significance in American history and culture. Listing in the National Register confers certain benefits which are outlined on the attached list. The meeting will be held in the conference room of the Washington County Administrative Annex Building located at 80 West Baltimore Street in Hagerstown, MD beginning at 7:00 pm. You are most welcome to attend and continent. Should you wish to submit written comments at this time, please address your comments to the HDC Chairman at the above address. Washington County and the Historic District Commission are certified by the Maryland Historical Trust and the National Park Service to participate in the National Register nomination process. In its role as a Certified Local Government, Washington County is charged with evaluating the National Register eligibility of the resource. The Historic District Commission and the Board of County Commissioners will male recommendations to the Maryland Historical Trust which administers the National Register program as the State Historic Preservation Office for Maryland. If both the Historic District Commission and the County Commissioners oppose the nomination, the process will stop unless an appeal is filed with the State Historic Preservation Officer. If either of these recommends nomination, the nomination process will continue. A copy of the Commission meeting agenda, effects of listing, and the criteria used for evaluation, are enclosed. If you have questions or want a copy of the nomination documentation, please contact me at 240-313-2438 or sgoodrich@washco-md.net. For further information on the National Register, the nomination process, effects of listing, and the owner's right to comment or object, please contact the National Register Administrator at the Maryland Historical Trust, 100 Community Place, Crownsville, MD 21032, 410-514-7649. Sincerely,C� m. Steptfen T. Goodrich Chief Planner Enclosures: meeting agenda, Effects of Listing Maryland Properties, Criteria for Evaluation www.waslico-md.net RECYCLED PAPER 13UTTS RICKY H & CONSTANCE E 1203 BROWN RD KNOXVILLE, MD21758 Parcel: 0841203640000A Account: 2208017743 CROCKER DAVID W 20819 TOWNSEND RD ROHRERSVILLE, MD21779 Parcel: 08406029200005 Account: 2208011508 HAHN RICHARD L & MARY E 2701 ROHRERSVILLE RD KNOXVILLE, MD21758 Parcel: 08423007900000 Account: 2208003130 LOWERY KEVIN W & BRIDGET L 20800 TOWNSEND RD ROHRERSVILLE, MD21779 Parcel: 08124038600000 Account: 2208009171 MOTTER JOSEPH LET AL PO BOX 116 ROHRERSVILLE, MD21779 Parcel: 08406029200003 Account: 2208011443 PENCOLA JOHN W & PAMELA Q 20812 GAPLAND RD ROHRERSVILLE, MD21779 Parcel: 08406029200007 Account: 2208011494 REED GARY B PO BOX 638 JEFFERSON, MD21755 Parcel: 08406014800000 Account: 2208007578 SMITH MICHAEL W &KILGARIFF CAROLYN P 20732 GAPLAND RD ROHRERSVILLE, MD21779 Parcel: 08412021700000 Account: 2208003963 WARREN FRANCIS B & PAMELA J PO BOX 784 MIDDLETOWN, MD21769 Parcel: 08124027700000 Account: 2208005710 CAPONE GREGORY J 20742 GAPLAND RD ROHRERSVILLE, MD21779 Parcel: 08412025700000 Account: 2208001219 GLOSS JACOB HEIRSC/O KEVIN LOWERY 20800 TOWNSEND RD ROHRERSVILLE, MD21779 Parcel: 08124038700000 Account: 2208011109 HAIGH TIMOTHY & CHRISTINA 20752 GAPLAND RD ROHRERSVILLE, MD21779 Parcel: 08406029200010 Account: 2208011532 CLARK KINGSLEY & KIM L 20806 GAPLAND RD ROHRERSVILLE, MD21779 Parcel: 08406029200009 Account: 2208011516 GRIM MARY E 2515 ROHRERSVILLE RD BROWNSVILLE, MD21715 Parcel: 08423012300000 Account: 2208002967 HUFFMAN ERIC G 20812 TOWNSEND RD ROHRERSVILLE, MD21779 Parcel: 08406029100001 Account: 2208011419 MCGRANE LAWRENCE R & JULIE LEE MENDEZ ALEJANIJItO R ETAL 20452 BROWNSVILLE PASS 20807 TOWNSEND RD BROWNSVILLE, MD21715 ROHRERSVILLE, MD21779 Parcel: 08605027100000 Parcel: 08406029200004 Account: 2208012490 Account: 2208011451 MULLENDORE DENTON ET AL 20513 TOWNSEND RD ROHRERSVILLE, MD21779 Parcel: 08123005800000 Account: 2208001405 PLACEK PAMELA A 3694 STONE ROW ROHRERSVILLE, MD21779 Parcel: 08123 050000001 Account: 2208016801 ROBERTS BRIAN MONROE & JERI LYN 3926 TREGO MOUNTAIN RD KEEDYSVILLE, MD21756 Parcel: 08124027800000 Account: 2208006970 SOROKO PHYLLIS JOAN. 20716 TOWNSEND RD ROHRERSVILLE, MD21779 Parcel: 08406001100000 Account: 2208008949 WHITE WILTON A 20735 TOWNSEND RD ROHRERSVILLE, MD21779 Parcel: 08406029200001 Account: 2208011435 MULLENDORE DENTON K 20513 TOWNSEND RD ROHRERSVILLE, MD21779 Parcel: 08405001000000 Account: 2208006660 QUINONES CARL D 20747 TOWNSEND RD ROHRERSVILLE, MD21779 Parcel: 08406029200002 Account: 2208011478 SHEARER MARY JANE 6000 WESTCHESTER PARK DR COLLEGE PARK, MD20740 Parcel: 08406029200006 Account: 2208011486 VAN GILDER WILLIAM R III 20834 GAPLAND RD ROHRERSVILLE, MD21779 Parcel: 08406014900000 Account: 2208005281 WINDSOR WADE K JR & KATHLEEN P 20631 GUARD CT ROHRERSVILLE, MD21779 Parcel: 08411029200015 Account: 2208013837 Parcel: Parcel: Parcel: Account: Account: , -Account: MD NATURAL RESOURCES UNITED STATES OF AMERICA C/O LAND & PROP MGMT E-3 C/O NATIONAL PARK SERVICE APPALACHIAN TRAIL CONFERENCE TAWES STATE OFFICE BLDG P O,BOR 807 580 TAYLOR AVE PO BOX 908 HARPERS FERRY, WV25425 MARTINSBURG, MD25402 ANNAPOLIS, MD21401 MD NATURAL RESOURCES UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CPARK /O LAND & PROP MGMT E-3 C/O NATIONAL PASERVICE APPALACHIAN TRAIL CONFERENCE TAWES STATE OFFICE BLDG PP O BOX 807 580 TAYLOR AVE BOX 908 HARPERS FERRY, WV25425 MARTINSBURG, MD25402 ANNAPOLIS, MD21401 n'the the National Register of Historic Places: tration, and preservation of cultural resources U,$. Department of the Interior National Park Service 0$. Department National Register, History and Education ,r the National Register i for Evaluation I st ri The mission of the Department of the Interior is to protect and provide access to our Nation's natural and cultural heritage and honor our trust responsibilities to tribes. The National Park Service preserves unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the National Park System for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations. The Park Service cooperates with partners to extend the benefits of natural and cultural resource conservation and outdoor recreation throughout this country and the world. This material is partially based upon work conducted under a cooperative agreement with the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers and the U.S. Department of the Interior. Date of publication: 1990; revised 1991, 1995, 1997. Revised for Internet 1995. Cover (Top Left) Criterion B - Frederick Douglass Home, Washington, D.C. From 1877- 1899, this was the home of Frederick Douglass, the former slave who rose to become a prominent author, abolitionist, editor, orator, and diplomat. (Walter Smalling, Jr.) (Top Right) Criterion D - Francis Canyon Ruin, Blanco vicinity, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. A fortified village site composed of 40 masonry -walled rooms arranged in a cluster of four house blocks, Constructed ca. 1716-1742 for protection against raiding Utes and Comanches, the site has information potential related to Na- vajo, Pueblo, and Spanish cultures, (Jon Samuelson) (Bottom Left) Criterion C -Bridge in Cherrytree Township, Venago County, Pennsylvania. Built in 1882, this Pratt through truss bridge is significant for engi- neering as a well preserved example of a type of bridge frequently used in northwestern Pennsylvania in the late 19th century. (Pennsylvania Department of Transportation) (Bottom Right) Criterion A - Main Street/Market Square Historic District, Houston, Harris County, Texas. Until well into the 20th century this district marked the bounds of public and business life in Houston. Constructed between the 1870s and 1920s, the district includes Houston's municipal and county buildings, and served as the city's wholesale, retail, and financial center. (Paul Hester) PREFACE Preserving historic properties as important reflections of our American heritage became a national policy through passage of the Antiquities Act of 1906, the Historic Sites Act of 1935, and the National Historic Pres- ervation Act of 1966, as amended. The Historic Sites Act authorized the Secretary of the Interior to identify and recognize properties of national significance (National Historic Land- marks) in United States history and archeology. The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 authorized the Secretary to expand this recogni- tion to properties of local -and State significance in American history, ar- chitecture, archeology, engveering, and culture, and worthy of preserva- tion. The National Register of His- toric Places is the official list of these recognized properties, and is main- tained and expanded by the National Park Service on behalf of the Secretary of the Interior.' The National Register of Historic Places documents the appearance and importance of districts, sites, build- ings, structures, and objects signifi- cant in our prehistory and history. These properties represent the major patterns of our shared local, State, and national experience. To guide the selection of properties included in the National Register, the National Park Service has developed the National Register Criteria for Evaluation. These criteria are standards by which every property that is nominated to the National Register is judged. In addition, the National Park Service has developed criteria for the recogni- tion of nationally significant proper- ties, which are designated National Historic Landmarks and prehistoric and historic units of the National Park System. Both these sets of criteria were developed to be consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's Stan- dards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation, which are uni- form, national standards for preserva- tion activities,2 This publication explains how the National Park Service applies these criteria in evaluating the wide range of properties that may be significant in local, State, and national history. It should be used by anyone who must decide if a particular property qualifies for the National Register of Historic Places. Listing properties in the National Register is an important step in a na- tionwide preservation process. The responsibility for the identification, initial evaluation, nomination, and treatment of historic resources lies with private individuals, State historic preservation offices, and Federal pres- ervation offices, local governments, and Indian tribes. The final evalua- tion and listing of properties in the National Register is the responsibility of the Keeper of the National Register. This bulletin was prepared by staff of the National Register Branch, Inter- agency Resources Division, National Park Service, with the assistance of the History Division. It was originally is- sued in draft form in 1982. The draft was revised into final form by Patrick W. Andrus, Historian, National Regis- ter, and edited by Rebecca H. Shrimpton, Consulting Historian. Beth L. Savage, National Register and Sarah Dillard Pope, National Reg- ister, NCSHPO coordinated the latest revision of this bulletin. Antionette J. Lee, Tanya Gossett, and Kira Badamo coordinated earlier revisions. 'Properties listed in the National Register receive limited Federal protection and certain benefits. For more information concerning the effects of listing, and how the National Register maybe used by the general public and Certified Local Governments, as well as by local, State, and Federal agencies, and for copies of National Register Bulletins, contact the National Park Service, National Register, 1849 C Street, NW, NC400, Washington, D.C., 20240. Information may also be obtained by visiting the National Register Web site at www.cr.nps.gov/nr or by contacting any of the historic preservation offices in the States and territories. rrhe Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation are found in the Federal Register, Vol. 48, No. 190 (Thursday, September 29, 1983). A copy can be obtained by writing the National Park Service, Heritage Preservation Services (at the address above). TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Introduction II. National Register Criteria for Evaluation ....... III. How to Use this Bulletin to Evaluate a Property IV. How to Define Categories of Historic Properties Building......................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Structure........................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Object......................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 V. How to Evaluate a Property Within its Historic Context Understanding Historic Contexts............................................................................................................................................. 7 How to Evaluate a Property Within Its Historic Context.....................................................................................................7 Properties Significant Within More Than on Historic Context...................................................................................9 ComparingRelated Properties.......................................................................................................................................... 9 Local, State, and National Historic Contexts..........................................................................................................................9 VI. How to Identify the Type of Significance of a Property 11 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................11 CriterionA: Event.....................................................................................................................................................................12 UnderstandingCriterion A.............................................................................................................................................12 ApplyingCriterion A.......................................................................................................................................................12 Typesof Events.......................................................................................................................................................... 12 Association of the Property with the Events.........................................................................................................12 Significance of the Association................................................................................................................................ 12 TraditionalCultural Values.....................................................................................................................................13 CriterionB: Person.................................................................................................................. Understanding Criterion B................................................................................................ ApplyingCriterion B.......................................................................................................... Significance of the Individual.................................................................................. Association with the Property................................................................................. Comparison to Related Properties.......................................................................... Association with Groups.......................................................................................... Association with Living Persons............................................................................. Association with Architects/Artisans.................................................................... NativeAmerican Sites............................................................................................... Criterion C: Design/Construction......................................................................................... Understanding Criterion C................................................................................................. ApplyingCriterion C........................................................................................................... ..................................17 ..................................17 ..................................18 Distinctive Characteristics of Type, Period, and Method of Construction .18 Historic Adaptation of the Original Property..............................................................................................................19 Worksof a Master.............................................................................................................................................................20 Properties Possessing High Artistic Values..................................................................................................................20 CriterionD: Information Potential........................................................................................................................................ 21 21 UnderstandingCriterion D................................................................................................................................................. 21 ApplyingCriterion D........................................................................................................................................................... 21 ArcheologicalSites..................................................................................................................................................... 21 Buildings, Structures, and Objects.......................................................................................................................... 22 Associationwith Human Activity.......................................................................................................................... Establishinga Historic Context............................................................................................................:..................22 22 DevelopingResearch Questions.............................................................................................................................. Establishing the Presence of Adequate Data............:............................................................................................23 Integrity.......................................................................................................................................................................23 Partly Excavated or Disturbed Properties.............................................................................................................23 CompletelyExcavated Sites.....................................................................................................................................24 VII. How to Apply the Criteria Considerations 25 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................ 25 Criteria Consideration A: Religious Properties...................................................................................................................26 UnderstandingCriteria Consideration A......................................................................................................................26 ApplyingCriteria Consideration A...............................................................................................................................26 Eligibilityfor Historic Events..................................................................................................................................26 Eligibilityfor Historic Persons.................................................................................................................................27 Eligibility for Architectural or Artistic Distinction..............................................................................................28 Eligibility for Information Potential.......................................................................................................................28 Ability to Reflect Historic Associations..................................................................................................................28 Criteria_ Consideration B: Moved Properties........................................................................................................................29 Understanding Criteria Consideration B......................................................................................................................29 29 ApplyingCriteria Consideration B................................................................................................................................. Eligibilityfor Architectural Value...........................................................................................................................29 Eligibility for Historic Associations........................................................................................................................30 30 Settingand Environment.......................................................................................................................................... AssociationDependent on the Site.........................................................................................................................30 PropertiesDesigned to Be Moved........................................................................................................................... 31 ArtificiallyCreated Groupings................................................................................................................................31 31 Portionsof Properties................................................................................................................................................ Criteria Consideration C: Birthplaces and Graves..............................................................................................................32 Understanding Criteria Consideration C......................................................................................................................32 ApplyingCriteria Consideration C................................................................................................................................32 Personsof Outstanding Importance.......................................................................................................................32 Last Surviving Property Associated with a Person..............................................................................................32 Eligibilityfor Other Associations............................................................................................................................33 Criteria Consideration D: Cemeteries...................................................................................................................................34 Understanding Criteria Consideration D...................................................................................................................:..34 ApplyingCriteria Consideration D...............................................................................................................................34 Personsof Transcendent Importance..................................................................................................................... 34 Eligibilityon the Basis.of Age..................................................................................................................................35 Eligibilityfor Design.................................................................................................................................................35 Eligibility for Association with Events...................................................................................................................35 Eligibility for Information Potential.......................................................................................................................35 Integrity....................................................................................................................................................................... 36 36 NationalCemeteries.................................................................................................................................................. Criteria Consideration E: Reconstructed Properties...........................................................................................................37 UnderstandingCriteria Consideration E......................................................................................................................37 ApplyingCriteria Consideration E................................................................................................................................37 Accuracyof the Reconstruction............................................................................................................................... 37 SuitableEnvironment................................................................................................................................................. 37 RestorationMaster Plans..........................................................................................................................................38 iii LastSurviving Property of a Type...............................................................................................................................38 Reconstructions Older than Fifty Years.......................................................................................................................38 Criteria Consideration F: Commemorative Properties......................................................................................................39 Understanding Criteria Consideration F...................................................................................................:......................39 ApplyingCriteria Consideration F....................................................................................................................................39 Eligibilityfor Design................................................................................................................................................39 Eligibility for Age, Tradition, or Symbolic Value................................................................................................. 40 Ineligibility as the Last Representative of an Event or Person...........................................................................40 Criteria Consideration G: Properties that Have Achieved Significance Within the Past Fifty Years ........................41 Understanding Criteria Consideration G......................................................................................................................... 41 ApplyingCriteria Consideration G...................................................................................................................................42 Eligibility for Exceptional Importance...................................................................................................................42 HistoricalPerspective................................................................................................................................................42 National Park Service Rustic Architecture............................................................................................................42 Veterans Administration Hospitals........................................................................................................................42 Comparison with Related Properties..................................................................................................................... 42 WorldWar II Properties...........................................................................................................................................42 Eligibility for Information Potential.......................................................................................................................43 HistoricDistricts........................................................................................................................................................43 Properties Over Fifty Years in Age, Under Fifty Years in Significance............................................................43 Requirement to Meet the Criteria, Regardless of Age.........................................................................................43 VIII. IX. X. XI. How to Evaluate the Integrity of a Property ...................................................................................................I Assessing Integrity in Properties............................................................. Defining the Essential Physical Features ........................................ Visibility of the Physical Features .................................................... Comparing Similar Properties.......................................................... Determining the Relevant Aspects of Integrity ............................. .................................................................:, ................................................................. 48 Summary of the National Historic Landmarks Criteria for Evaluation Glossary List of National Register Bulletins 44 50 53 54 iv I. INTRODUCTION The National Register is the nation's inventory of historic places and the national repository of docu- mentation on the variety of historic property types, significance, abun- dance, condition, ownership, needs, and other information. It is the begin- ning of a national census of historic properties. The National Register Cri- teria for Evaluation define the scope of the National Register of Historic Places; they identify the range of re- sources and kinds of significance that will qualify properties for listing in the National Register. The Criteria are written broadly to recognize the wide variety of historic properties as- sociated with our prehistory and his- tory. Decisions concerning the signifi- cance, historic integrity, documenta- tion, and treatment of properties can be made reliably only when the re- source is evaluated within its historic context. The historic context serves as the framework within which the Na- tional Register Criteria are applied to specific properties or property types. (See Part V for a brief discussion of historic contexts. Detailed guidance for developing and applying historic contexts is contained in National Reg- ister Bulletin: How to Complete the Na- tional Register Registration Form and National Register Bulletin: How to Com- plete the National Register Multiple Property Documentation Form ) The guidelines provided here are intended to help you understand the National Park Service's use of the Cri- teria for Evaluation, historic contexts, integrity, and Criteria Considerations, and how they apply to properties un- der consideration for listing in the National Register. Examples are pro- vided throughout, illustrating specific circumstances in which properties are and are not eligible for the National Register. This bulletin should be used by anyone who is: •Preparing to nominate a property to the National Register, • Seeking a determination of a property's eligibility, • Evaluating the comparable sig- nificance of a property to those listed in the National Register, or • Expecting to nominate a property as a National Historic Landmark in addition to nominating it to the National Register. This bulletin also contains a sum- mary of the National Historic Land- marks Criteria for Evaluation (see Part IX). National Historic Land- marks are those districts, sites, build- ings, structures, and objects desig- nated by the Secretary of the Interior as possessing national significance in American history, architecture, arche- ology, engineering, and culture. Al- though National Register documenta- tion includes a recommendation about whether a property is signifi- cant at the local, State, or national level, the only official designation of national significance is as a result of National Historic Landmark designa- tion by the Secretary of the Interior, National Monument designation by the President of the United States, or establishment as a unit of the National Park System by Congress. These properties are automatically listed in the National Register. II. THE NATIONAL REGISTER CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION:3 The quality of significance in American history, architecture, arche- ology, engineering, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess in- tegrity of location, design, setting, ma- terials, workmanship, feeling, and as- sociation, and: A. That are associated with events that have made a significant contribu- tion to the broad patterns of our history; or B. That are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or C. That embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or D. That have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. CRITERIA CONSIDERATIONS: Ordinarily cemeteries, birthplaces, or graves of historical figures, proper- ties owned by religious institutions or used for religious purposes, structures that have been moved from their original locations, reconstructed his- toric buildings, properties primarily commemorative in nature, and prop- erties that have achieved significance within the past 50 years shall not be considered eligible for the National Register. However, such properties will qualify if they are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria or if they fall within the following catego- ries: a. A religious property deriving primary significance from architec- tural or artistic distinction or historical importance; or b. A building or structure removed from its original location but which is significant primarily for architec- tural value, or which is the surviv- ing structure most importantly associated with a historic person or event; or c. A birthplace or grave of a historical figure of outstanding importance if there is no appropriate site or building directly associated with his or her productive life; or d. A cemetery which derives its primary significance from graves of persons of transcendent impor- tance, from age, from distinctive design features, or from association with historic events; or e. A reconstructed building when accurately executed in a suitable environment and presented in a dignified manner as part of a restoration master plan, and when no other building or structure with the same association has survived; or f. A property primarily commemora- tive in intent if design, age, tradi- tion, or symbolic value has in- vested it with its own exceptional significance; or g. A property achieving significance within the past 50 years if it is of exceptional importance. 'The Criteria for Evaluation are found in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 36, Part 60, and are reprinted herein full. III. HOW TO USE THIS BULLETIN TO EVALUATE A PROPERTY For a property to qualify for the National Register it must meet one of the National Register Criteria for Evaluation by: 2 • Being associated with an impor- tant historic context and • Retaining historic integrity of those features necessary to con- vey its significance. Information about the property based on physical examination and documentary research is necessary to 3. evaluate a property's eligibility for the National Register. Evaluation of a property is most efficiently made when following this sequence: 1. Categorize the property (Part IV). A property must be classified as a district, site, building, structure, or object for inclusion in the National Register. Determine which prehistoric or historic context(s) the property represents (Part V). A property must possess significance in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, or culture when evaluated within the historic context of a relevant geographic area. Determine whether the property is significant under the National Register Criteria (Part VI). This is done by identifying the links to important events or persons, design or construction features, or information potential that make the property important. 4. Determine if the property repre- sents a type usually excluded from the National Register (Part VII). If so, determine if it meets any of the Criteria Considerations. 5. Determine whether the property retains integrity (Part VIII). Evaluate the aspects of location, design, setting, workmanship, ma- terials, feeling, and association that the property must retain to convey its historic significance. If, after completing these steps, the property appears to qualify for the Na- tional Register, the next step is to pre- pare a written nomination. (Refer to National Register Bulletin: How to Complete the National Register Registra- tion Form.) IV. HOW TO DEFINE CATEGORIES OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES The National Register of Historic Places includes significant properties, classified as buildings, sites, districts, structures, or objects. It is not used to list intangible values, except in so far as they are associated with or re- flected by historic properties. The Na- tional Register does not list cultural events, or skilled or talented individu- als, as is done in some countries. Rather, the National Register is ori- ented to recognizing physically con- crete properties that are relatively fixed in location. For purposes of National Register nominations, small groups of proper- ties are listed under a single category, using the primary resource. For ex- ample, a city hall and fountain would be categorized by the city hall (build- ing), a farmhouse with two outbuild- ings would be categorized by the farmhouse (building), and a city park with a gazebo would be categorized by the park (site). Properties with large acreage or a number of re- sources are usually considered dis- tricts. Common sense and reason should dictate the selection of catego- ries. BUILDING A building, such as a house, barn, church, hotel, or similar'construc- tion, is created principally to shelter any form of human activity. "Build- ing" may also be used to refer to a historically and functionally related unit, such as a courthouse and jail or a house and barn. Buildings eligible for the National Register must include all of their basic structural elements. Parts of build- ings, such as interiors, facades, or wings, are not eligible independent of the rest of the existing building. The whole building must be considered, and its significant features must be identified. If a building has lost any of its basic structural elements, it is usually con- sidered a "ruin" and is categorized as a site. Examples of buildings include administration building carriage house church city or town hall courthouse detached kitchen, barn, and privy dormitory fort garage hotel house library mill building office building post office school social hall shed stable store theater train station STRUCTURE The term "structure" is used to distinguish from buildings those functional constructions made usu- ally for purposes other than creating human shelter. Structures nominated to the National Register must include all of the extant basic structural elements. Parts of structures can not be consid- ered eligible if the whole structure remains. For example, a truss bridge is composed of the metal or wooden truss, the abutments, and supporting piers, all of which, if extant, must be included when considering the property for eligibility. If a structure has lost its historic configuration or pattern of organiza- tion through deterioration or demoli- tion, it is usually considered a "ruin" and is categorized as a site. Examples of structures include aircraft apiary automobile bandstand boats and ships bridge cairn canal carousel corncrib dam earthwork fence gazebo grain elevator highway irrigation system kiln lighthouse railroad grade silo trolley car tunnel windmill OBJECT The term "object" is used to distinguish from buildings and structures those constructions that are primarily artistic in nature or are relatively small in scale and simply constructed. Although it may be, by nature or design, movable, an object is associated with a specific setting or environment. Small objects not designed for a specific location are normally not eligible. Such works include trans- portable sculpture, furniture, and other decorative arts that, unlike a fixed outdoor sculpture, do not possess association with a specific place. Objects should be in a setting appropriate to their significant historic use, roles, or character. Objects relocated to a museum are inappropriate for listing in the Na- tional Register. Examples of objects include boundary marker fountain milepost monument scupture statuary SITE A site is the location of a signifi- cant event, a prehistoric or historic occupation or activity, or a building or structure, whether standing, ruined, or vanished, where the location itself possesses historic, cultural, or archeological value regardless of the value of any exist- ing structure. A site can possess associative significance or information potential or both, and can be significant under any or all of the four criteria. A site need not be marked by physical remains if it is the location of a prehistoric or historic event or pattern of events and if no buildings, struc- tures, or objects marked it at the time of the events. However, when the location of a prehistoric or historic event cannot be conclusively deter- mined because no other cultural materials were present or survive, documentation must be carefully evaluated to determine whether the traditionally recognized or identified site is accurate. A site may be a natural landmark strongly associated with significant prehistoric or historic events or patterns of events, if the significance of the natural feature is well docu- mented through scholarly research. Generally, though, the National Register excludes from the definition of "site" natural waterways or bodies of water that served as determinants in the location of communities or were significant in the locality's subsequent economic development. While they may have been "avenues of exploration," the features most appropriate to document this signifi- cance are the properties built in association with the waterways. Examples of sites include: battlefield campsite cemeteries significant for information potential or historic association ceremonial site designed landscape habitation site natural feature (such as a rock formation) having cultural significance pet rogl yph rock carving rock shelter ruins of a building or structure shipwreck trail village site DISTRICT A district possesses a significant concentration, linkage, or continuity of sites, buildings, structures, or objects united historically or aes- thetically by plan or physical devel- opment. CONCENTRATION, LINKAGE, & CONTINUITY OF FEATURES A district derives its importance from being a unified entity, even though it is often composed of a wide variety of resources. The identity of a district results from the interrelation- ship of its resources, which can convey a visual sense of the overall historic environment or be an ar- rangement of historically or function- ally related properties. For example, a district can reflect one principal activity, such as a mill or a ranch, or it can encompass several interrelated activities, such as an area that in- cludes industrial, residential, or commercial buildings, sites, struc- tures, or objects. A district can also be a grouping of archeological sites related primarily by their common components; these types of districts often will not visually represent a specific historic environment. SIGNIFICANCE •A district must be significant, as well as being an identifiable entity. It must be important for historical, architectural, archeological, engineer- ing, or cultural values. Therefore, districts that are significant will usually meet the last portion of Criterion C plus Criterion A, Criterion B, other portions of Criterion.C, or Criterion D. TYPES OF FEATURES A district can comprise both features that lack individual distinc- tion and individually distinctive features that serve as focal points. It may even be considered eligible if all of the components lack individual distinction, provided that the group- ing achieves significance as a whole within its historic context. In either case, the majority of the components that add to the district's historic character, even if they are individu- ally undistinguished, must possess integrity, as must the district as a whole. A district can contain buildings, structures, sites, objects, or open spaces that do not contribute to the significance of the district. The number of noncontributing properties a district can contain yet still convey its sense of time and place and historical development depends on how these properties affect the district's integrity. In archeological districts, the primary factor to be considered is the effect of any distur- bances on the information potential of the district as a whole. GEOGRAPHICAL BOUNDARIES A district must be a definable geographic area that can be distin- guished from surrounding properties by changes such as density, scale, type, age, style of sites, buildings, structures, and objects, or by docu- mented differences in patterns of historic development or associations. It is seldom defined, however, by the limits of current parcels of ownership, management, or planning boundaries. The boundaries must be based upon a shared relationship among the properties constituting the district. DISCONTIGUOUS DISTRICTS A district is usually a single geo- graphic area of contiguous historic properties; however, a district can also be composed of two or more definable significant areas'separated by nonsignificant areas. A discontiguous district is most appro- priate where: • Elements are spatially discrete; • Space between the elements is not related to the significance of the district; and • Visual continuity is not a factor in the significance. In addition, a canal can be treated as a discontiguous district when the system consists of man-made sections of canal interspersed with sections of river navigation. For scattered archeological properties, a discontiguous district is appropriate when the deposits are related to each other through cultural affiliation, period of use, or site type. Ordeman-Shaw Historic District, Montgomery, Montgomery County, Alabama. Historic districts derive their identity from the interrationship of their resources. Part of the defining characteristics of this 19th century residential district in Montgomery, Alabama, is found in the rhythmic pattern of the rows of decorative porches. (Frank L. Thiermonge, 111) It is not appropriate to use the discontiguous district format to include an isolated resource or small group of resources which were once connected to the district, but have since been separated either through demolition or new construction. For example, do not use the discontiguous district format to nominate individual buildings of a downtown commerical district that have become isolated through demolition. Examples of districts ijwlude: business districts canal systems groups of habitation sites college campuses estates and farms with large acreage/ numerous properties industrial complexes irrigation systems residential areas rural villages transportation networks rural historic districts V. HOW TO EVALUATE A PROPERTY WITHIN ITS HISTORIC CONTEXT UNDERSTANDING HISTORIC CONTEXTS To qualify for the National Regis- ter, a property must be significant; that is, it must represent a significant part of the history, architecture, archeology, engineering, or culture of an area, and it must have the charac- teristics that make it a good represen- tative of properties associated with that aspect of the past. This section explains how to evaluate a property within its historic context.' The significance of a historic property can be judged and explained only when it is evaluated within its historic context. Historic contexts are those patterns or trends in history by which a specific occurrence, property, or site is understood and its meaning (and ultimately its significance) within history or prehistory is made clear. Historians, architectural historians, folklorists, archeologists, and anthropologists use different words to describe this phenomena such as trend, pattern,.theme, or cultural affiliation, but ultimately the concept is the same. The concept of historic context is not a new one; it has been fundamen- tal to the study of history since the 18th century and, arguably, earlier than that. Its core premise is that resources, properties, or happenings in history do not occur in a vacuum but rather are part of larger trends or patterns. In order to decide whether a property is significant within its historic context, the following five things must be determined: • The facet of prehistory or history of the local area, State, or the na- tion that the property represents; • Whether that facet of prehistory or history is significant; • Whether it is a type of property that has relevance and impor- tance in illustrating the historic context; • How the property illustrates that history; and finally • Whether the property possesses the physical features necessary to convey the aspect of prehistory or history with which it is associ- ated. These five steps are discussed in detail below. If the property being evaluated does represent an impor- tant aspect of the area's history or prehistory and possesses the requisite quality of integrity, then it qualifies for the National Register. HOW TO EVALUATE A PROPERTY WITHIN ITS HISTORIC CONTEXT Identify what the property repre- sents: the theme(s), geographical limits, and chronological period that provide a perspective from which to evaluate the property's significance. Historic contexts are historical patterns that can be identified through consideration of the history of the property and the history of the sur- rounding area. Historic contexts may have already been defined in your area by the State historic preservation office, Federal agencies, or local governments. In accordance with the National Regis- ter Criteria, the historic context may relate to one of the following: • An event, a series of events or ac- tivities, or patterns of an area's de- velopment (Criterion A); • Association with the life of an im- portant person (Criterion B); • A building form, architectural style, engineering technique, or artistic values, based on a stage of physical development, or the use of a mate- rial or method of construction that shaped the historic identity of an area (Criterion C); or • A research topic (Criterion D). ' For a complete discussion of historic contexts, see National Register Bulletin: Guidelines for Completing National Register of Historic Places Registration Forms. Determine how the theme of the context is significant in the history of the local area, the State, or the nation. A theme is a means of organizing properties into coherent patterns based on elements such as environ- ment, social/ethnic groups, transpor- tation networks, technology, or political developments that have influenced the development of an area during one or more periods of prehis- tory or history. A theme is considered significant if it can be demonstrated, through scholarly research, to be important in American history. Many significant themes can be found in the following list of Areas of Significance used by the National Register. AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE Agriculture Architecture Archeology Prehistoric Historic —Aboriginal Historic —Non -Aboriginal Art Commerce Communications Community Planning and Development Conservation Economics Education Engineering Entertainment/Recreation Ethnic Heritage Asian Black European Hispanic Native American Pacific Islander Other Exploration/Settlement Health/Medicine Industry Invention Landscape Architecture Law Literature Maritime History Military Performing Arts Philosophy Politics/Government Religion Science Social History Transportation Other Determine what the property type is and whether it is important in illustrating the historic context. A context may be represented by a variety of important property types. For example, the context of "Civil War Military Activity in Northern Virginia" might be represented by such properties as: a group of mid - 19th century fortification structures; an open field where a battle occurred; a knoll from which a general directed troop movements; a sunken transport ship; the residences or public build- ings that served as company head- quarters; a railroad bridge that served as a focal point for a battle; and earthworks exhibiting particular construction techniques. Because a historic context for a community can be based on a distinct period of development, it might include numerous property types. For example, the context "Era of Industrialization in Grand Bay, Michigan, 1875 -1900" could be represented by important property types as diverse as sawmills, paper mill sites, salt refining plants, flour mills, grain elevators, furniture factories, workers housing, commer- cial buildings, social halls, schools, churches, and transportation facilities. A historic context can also be based on a single important type of prop- erty. The context "Development of County Government in Georgia, 1777 - 1861" might be represented solely by courthouses. Similarly, "Bridge Construction in Pittsburgh, 1870- 1920" would probably only have one property type. Determine how the property represents the context through specific historic associations, archi- tectural or engineering values, or information potential (the Criteria for Evaluation). For example, the context of county government expansion is represented under Criterion A by historic districts or buildings that reflect population growth, development patterns, the role of government in that society, and political events in the history of the State, as well as the impact of county government on the physical development of county seats. Under Criterion C, the context is represented by properties whose architectural treatments reflect their governmental functions, both practically and symbolically. (See Part VI: How to Identify the Type of Significance of a Property.) Determine what physical features the property must possess in order for it to reflect the significance of the historic context. These physical features can be determined after identifying the following: • Which types of properties are as- sociated with the historic context, • The ways in which properties can represent the theme, and • The applicable aspects of integ- rity. Properties that have the defined characteristics are eligible for listing. (See Part VIII: How to Evaluate the Integrity of a Property.) PROPERTIES SIGNIFICANT WITHIN MORE THAN ONE HISTORIC CONTEXT A specific property can be signifi- cant within one or more historic contexts, and, if possible, all of these should be identified. For example, a public building constructed in the 1830s that is related to the historic context of Civil War campaigns in the area might also be related to the theme of political developments in the community during the 1880s. A property is only required, however, to be documented as significant in one context. COMPARING RELATED PROPERTIES Properties listed in the National Register must possess significance when evaluated in the perspective of their historic context. Once the historic context is established and the property type is determined, it is not necessary to evaluate the property in question against other properties if: • It is the sole example of a prop- erty type that is important in il- lustrating the historic context or • It clearly possesses the defined characteristics required to strongly represent the context. If these two conditions do not apply, then the property will have to be evaluated against other examples of the property type to determine its eligibility. The geographic level (local. State, or national) at which this evaluation is made is the same as the level of the historic context. (See Part V: How to Evaluate a Property Within Its Historic Context.) LOCAL, STATE, AND NATIONAL HISTORIC CONTEXTS Historic contexts are found at a variety of geographical levels or scales. The geographic scale selected may relate to a pattern of historical development, a political division, or a cultural area. Regardless of the scale, the historic context establishes the framework from which decisions about the significance of related properties can be made. LOCAL HISTORIC CONTEXTS A local historic context represents an aspect of the history of a town, city, county, cultural area, or region, or any portions thereof. It is defined by the importance of the property, not necessarily the physical location of the property. For instance, if a property is of a type found throughout a State, or its boundaries extend over two States, but its importance relates only to a particular county, the property would be considered of local signifi- cance. The level of context of archeologi- cal sites significant for their informa- tion potential depends on the scope of the applicable research design. For example, a Late Mississippian village site may yield information in a research design concerning one settlement system on a regional scale, while in another research design it may reveal information of local importance concerning a single group's stone tool manufacturing techniques or house forms. It is a question of how the available infor- mation potential is likely to be used. STATE HISTORIC CONTEXTS Properties are evaluated in a State context when they represent an aspect of the history of the State as a whole (or American Samoa, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, Puerto Rico, or the Virgin Islands). These properties do not necessarily have to belong to property types found throughout the entire State: they can be located in only a portion of the State's present political bound- ary. It is the property's historic context that must be important statewide. For example, the "cotton belt" extends through only a portion of Georgia, yet its historical develop- ment in the antebellum period af- fected the entire State. These State historic contexts may have associated properties that are statewide or locally significant representations. A cotton gin in a small town might be a locally significant representation of this context, while one of the largest cotton producing plantations might be of State significance. A property whose historic associa- tions or information potential appears to extend beyond a single local area might be significant at the State level. A property can be significant to more than one community or local area, however, without having achieved State significance. A property that overlaps several State boundaries can possibly be significant to the State or local history of each of the States. Such a property is not necessarily of national signifi- cance, however, nor is it necessarily significant to all of the States in which it is located. Prehistoric sites are not often considered to have "State" signifi- cance, per se, largely because States are relatively recent political entities and usually do not correspond closely to Native American political territo- ries or cultural areas. Numerous sites, however, may be of significance to a large region that might geographi- cally encompass parts of one, or usually several, States. Prehistoric resources that might be of State significance include regional sites that provide a diagnostic assemblage of artifacts for a particular cultural group or time period or that provide chronological control (specific dates or relative order in time) for a series of cultural groups. NATIONAL HISTORIC CONTEXTS Properties are evaluated in a national context when they represent an aspect of the history of the United States and its territories as a whole. These national historic contexts may have associated properties that are locally or statewide significant representations, as well as those of national significance. Properties designated as nationally significant and listed in the National Register are the prehistoric and historic units of the National Park System and those properties that have been designated National Historic Landmarks. The National Historic Landmark criteria are the standards for nationally significant properties; they are found in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 36, Part 65 and are summarized in this bulletin in Part IX: Summary of National Historic Land- marks Criteria for Evaluation. A property with national signifi- cance helps us understand the history of the nation by illustrating the nationwide impact of events or persons associated with the property, its architectural type or style, or information potential. It must be of exceptional value in representing or illustrating an important theme in the history of the nation. Nationally significant properties do not necessarily have to belong to a property type found throughout the entire country: they can be located in only a portion of the present political boundaries. It is their historic context that must be important nationwide. For example, the American Civil War was fought in only a portion of the United States, yet its impact was nationwide. The site of a small military skirmish might be a locally significant representation of this national context, while the capture of the State's largest city might be a statewide significant representation of the national context. When evaluating properties at the national level for designation as a National Historic Landmark, please refer to the National Historic Land- marks outline, History and Prehistory in the National Park System and the National Historic Landmarks Program 1987. (For more information about the National Historic Landmarks program, please write to the Depart- ment of the Interior, National Park Service, National Historic Land- marks, 1849 C Street, NW, NC400, Washington, DC 20240.) 10 VI. HOW TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SIGNIFICANCE OF A PROPERTY INTRODUCTION When evaluated within its historic context, a property must be shown to be significant for one or more of the four Criteria for Evaluation - A, B, C, or D (listed earlier in Part I1). The Criteria describe how properties are signifi- cant for their association with impor- tant events or persons, for their importance in design or construction, or for their information potential. The basis for judging a property's significance and, ultimately, its eligibility under the Criteria is historic context. The use of historic context allows a property to be properly evaluated in a nearly infinite number of capacities. For instance, Criterion C: Design/Construction can accom- modate properties representing construction types that are unusual or widely practiced, that are innovative or traditional, that are "high style" or vernacular, that are the work of a famous architect or an unknown master craftsman. The key to determin- ing whether the characteristics or associa- tions of a particular property are signifi- cant is to consider the property within its historic context. After identifying the relevant historic context(s) with which the property is associated, the four Criteria are applied to the property. Within the scopeof historic context, the National Register Criteria define the kind of significance that the properties represent. For example, within the context of "19th Century Gunpowder Produc- tion in the Brandywine Valley," Criterion A would apply to those properties associated with important events in the founding and develop- ment of the industry. Criterion B would apply to those properties associated with persons who are significant in the founding of the industry or associated with important inventions related to gunpowder manufacturing. Criterion C would apply to those buildings, structures, or objects whose architectural form or style reflect important design qualities integral to the industry. And Crite- rion D would apply to properties that can convey information important in our understanding of this industrial process. If a property qualifies under more than one of the Criteria, its significance under each should be considered, if possible, in order to identify all aspects of its historical value. NATIONAL REGISTER CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION* The National Register Criteria recognize different types of values embodied in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects. These values fall into the following categories: Associative value (Criteria A and B): Properties significant for their association or linkage to events (Criterion A) or persons (Criterion B) important in the past. Design or Construction value (Criterion C): Properties significant as representatives of the manmade expression of culture or technology. Information value (Criterion D): Properties significant for their ability to yield important information about prehistory or history. *For a complete listing of the Criteria for Evaluation, refer to Part 11 of this bulletin. 11 CRITERION A: EVENT Properties can be eligible for the National Register if they are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history. UNDERSTANDING CRITERION A: EVENT To be considered for listing under Criterion A, a property must be associated with one or more events important in the defined historic context. Criterion A recognizes properties associated with single events, such as the founding of a town, or with a pattern of events, repeated activities, or historic trends, such as the gradual rise of a port city's prominence in trade and commerce. The event or trends, however, must clearly be important within the associated context: settlement, in the case of the town, or development of a maritime economy, in the case of the port city. Moreover, the property must have an important association with the event or historic trends, and it must retain historic integrity. (See Part V: How to Evaluate a Property Within its Historic Context.) Several steps are involved in determining whether a property is significant for its associative values: • Determine the nature and origin of the property, • Identify the historic context with which it is associated, and • Evaluate the property's history to determine whether it is associ- ated with the historic context in any important way. APPLYING EXAMPLES OF PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH EVENTS CRITERION A: EVENT TYPES OF EVENTS A property can be associated with either (or both) of two types of events: • A specific event marking an im- portant moment in American pre- history or history and • A pattern of events or a historic trend that made a significant con- tribution to the development of a community, a State, or the nation. Refer to the sidebar on the right for a list of specific examples. ASSOCIATION OF THE PROPERTY WITH THE EVENTS The property you are evaluating must be documented, through ac- cepted means of historical or archeo- logical research (including oral history), to have existed at the time of the event or pattern of events and to have been associated with those events. A property is not eligible if its associations are speculative. For archeological sites, well reasoned inferences drawn from data recovered at the site can be used to establish the association between the site and the events. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ASSOCIATION Mere association with historic events or trends is not enough, in and of itself, to qualify under Criterion A: the property's specific association must be considered important as well. For example, a building historically in commercial use must be shown to have been significant in commercial history. Properties associated with specific events: • The site of a battle. • The building in which an important invention was developed. • A factory district where a significant strike occurred. • An archeological site at which a ma- jor new aspect of prehistory was dis- covered, such as the first evidence of man and extinct Pleistocene animals being contemporaneous. • A site where an important facet of European exploration occurred. Properties associated with a pattern of events: • A trail associated with western mi- gration. • A railroad station that served as the focus of a camnunity's transporta- tion system and commerce. • A mill district reflecting the impor- tance of textile manufacturing dur- ing a given period. • A building used by an important lo- cal social organization. • A site where prehistoric Native Americans annually gathered for seasonally available resources and for social interaction. • A downtown district representing a town's growth as the commercial fo- cus of the surrounding agricultural area. 12 TRADITIONAL CULTURAL VALUES Traditional cultural significance is derived from the role a property plays in a community's historically rooted beliefs, customs, and practices. Properties may have significance under Criterion A if they are associ- ated with events, or series of events, significant to the cultural traditions of a community.' Eligible • A hilltop associated in oral his- torical accounts with the founding of an Indian tribe or society is eligible. • A rural community can be eli- gible whose organization, buildings, or patterns of land use reflect the cultural traditions valued by its long- term residents. • An urban neighborhood can be eligible as the traditional home of a particular cultural group and as a reflection of its beliefs and practices. Not Eligible • A site viewed as sacred by a recently established utopian or religious community does not have traditional cultural value and is not eligible. Criterion A - The Old Brulay Plantation, Brownsville vicinity, Cameron county, Texas! Historically significant for its association with the development of agriculture in southeast Texas, this complex of 10 brick buildings was constructed by George N. Brulay, a French immigrant who introduced commercial sugar production and irrigation to the Rio Grande Valley. (Photo by Texas Historical Commission). 'For more information, refer to National Register Bulletin: Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties. 13 CRITERION B: PERSON Properties may be eligible for the National Register if they are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. UNDERSTANDING CRITERION B: PERSON6 Criterion B applies to properties associated with individuals whose specific contributions to history can be identified and documented. Persons "significant in our past" refers to individuals whose activities are demonstrably important within a local, State, or national historic context. The criterion is generally restricted to those properties that illustrate (rather than commemorate) a person's important achievements. (The policy regarding commemora- tive properties, birthplaces, and graves is explained further in Part VIII: How to Apply the Criteria Consid- erations.) Several steps are involved in determining whether a property is significant for its associative values under Criterion B. First, determine the importance of the individual. Second, ascertain the length and nature of his/her association with the property under study and identify the other properties associated with the individual. Third, consider the property under Criterion B, as outlined below. EXAMPLES OF PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH PERSONS Properties associated with a Significant Person: • The home of an important merchant or labor leader. • The studio of a significant artist. • The.business headquarters of an im- portant industrialist. Criterion B - The William Whitney House, Hinsdale, DuPage County, Illinois. This building is locally significant for its historical association with William Whitney, the founder of the town of Hinsdale, Illinois. Whitney, a citizen of New York State, moved to Illinois, established the town, and while living here between 1870 and 1879 was a prominent local businessman and politician. (Photo by Frederick C. Cue). 'For further information on properties eligible under Criterion B, refer to National Register Bulletin: Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Properties Associated with Significant Persons. 14 APPLYING CRITERION B: PERSON SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INDIVIDUAL The persons associated with the property must be individually signifi- cant within a historic context. A property is not eligible if its only justification for significance is that it was owned or used by a person who is a member of an identifiable profes- sion, class, or social or ethnic group. It must be shown that the person gained importance within his or her profession or group. Eligible • The residence of a doctor, a mayor, or a merchant is eli- gible under Criterion B if the person was significant in the field of medicine, politics, or commerce, respectively. Not Eligible • A property is not eligible un- der Criterion B if it is associ- ated with an individual about whom no scholarly judgement can be made because either re- search has not revealed spe- cific information about the person's activities and their impact, or there is insufficient perspective to determine whether those activities or contributions were historically important. ASSOCIATION WITH THE PROPERTY Properties eligible under Criterion B are usually those associated with a person's productive life, reflecting the time period when he or she achieved significance. In some instances this may be the person's home; in other cases, a person's business, office, laboratory, or studio may best repre- sent his or her contribution. Proper- ties that pre- or post-date an individual's significant accomplish- ments are usually not eligible. (See Comparison to Related Properties, below, for exceptions to this rule.) The individual's association with the property must be documented by accepted methods of historical or archeological research, including written or oral history. Speculative associations are not acceptable. For archeological sites, well reasoned inferences drawn from data recovered at the site are acceptable. COMPARISON TO RELATED PROPERTIES Each property associated with an important individual should be compared to other associated proper- ties to identify those that best repre- sent the person's historic contribu- tions. The best representatives usually are properties associated with the person's adult or productive life. Properties associated with an individual's formative or later years may also qualify if it can be demon- strated that the person's activities during this period were historically significant or if no properties from the person's productive years survives. Length of association is an important factor when assessing several proper- ties with similar associations. A community or State may contain several properties eligible for associa- tions with the same important person, if each represents a different aspect of the person's productive life. A property can also be eligible if it has brief but consequential associations with an important individual. (Such associations are often related to specific events that occurred at the property and, therefore, it may also be eligible under Criterion A.) ASSOCIATION WITH GROUPS For properties associated with several community leaders or with a prominent family, it is necessary to identify specific individuals and to explain their significant accomplish- ments. Eligible • A residential district in which a large number of prominent or influential merchants, profes- sionals, civic leaders, politi- cians, etc., lived wilt be eligible under Criterion B if the signifi- cance of one or more specific individual residents is explic- itly justified. • A building that served as the seat of an important family is eligible under Criterion B if the significant accomplishments of one or more individual family members is explicitly justified. Not Eligible • A residential district in which a large number of influential per- sons lived is not eligible under Criterion B if the accomplish- ments of a specific isdivi- dual(s) cannot be documented. If the significance of the district rests in the cumulative impor- tance of prominent residents, however, then the district might still be eligible under Criterion A. Eligibility, in this case, would be based on the broad pattern of community development, through which the neighborhood evolved into the primary residential area for this class of citizens. • A building that served as the seat of an important family will not be eligible under Criterion B if the significant accomplish- ments of individual family members cannot be docu- mented. In cases where a suc- cession of family members have lived in a house and col- lectively have had a demon- strably significant impact on the community, as a family, the house is more likely to be sig- nificant under Criterion A for association with a pattern of events. 15 ASSOCIATION WITH ASSOCIATION WITH NATIVE AMERICAN SITES LIVING PERSONS ARCHITECTS/ARTISANS Properties associated with living persons are usually not eligible for inclusion in the National Register. Sufficient time must have elapsed to assess both the person's field of endeavor and his/her contribution to that field. Generally, the person's active participation in the endeavor must be finished for this historic perspective to emerge. (See Criteria Considerations C and G in Part VII: How to Apply the Criteria Consider- ations.) Architects, artisans, artists, and engineers are often represented by their works, which are eligible under Criterion C. Their homes and studios, however, can be eligible for consider- ation under Criterion B, because these usually are the properties with which they are most personally associated. The known major villages of individual Native Americans who were important during the contact period or later can qualify under Criterion B. As with all Criterion B properties, the individual associated with the property must have made some specific important contribution to history. Examples include sites significantly associated with Chief Joseph and Geronimo.7 16 'For more information, refer to National Register Bulletin: Guidelines/or Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties, CRITERION C: DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION Properties may be eligible for the National Register if they embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction. Richland Plantation, East Feliciana Parish, Louisiana. Properties can qualify under Criterion C as examples of high style architecture. Built in the 1830s, Richland is a fine example of a Federal style residence with a Greek Revival style portico. (Photo by Dave Gleason). UNDERSTANDING CRITERION C: DESIGN/ CONSTRUCTION This criterion applies to properties significant for their physical design or construction, including such elements as architecture, landscape architec- ture, engineering, and artwork. To be eligible under Criterion C, a property must meet at least one of the following requirements: • Embody distinctive characteris- tics of a type, period, or method of construction. • Represent the work of a master. • Possess high artistic value. • Represent a significant and dis- tinguishable entity whose com- ponents may lack individual dis- tinction. The first requirement, that proper- ties "embody the distinctive charac- teristics of a type, period, or method of construction," refers to the way in which a property was conceived, designed, or fabricated by a people or culture in past periods of history. "The work of a master" refers to the technical or aesthetic achievements of an architect or craftsman. "High artistic values" concerns the expres- sion of aesthetic ideals or preferences and applies to aesthetic achievement. Resources "that represent a signifi- cant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual dis- tinction" are called "districts." In the Criteria for Evaluation (as published in the Code of Federal Regulations and reprinted here in Part II), districts are defined within the context of Crite- rion C. Districts, however, can be con- sidered for eligibility under all the Crite- ria, individually or in any combina- tion, as is appropriate. For this rea- son, the full discussion of districts is contained in Part IV: How to Define Categories of Historic Properties. Throughout the bulletin, however, districts are mentioned within the context of a specific subject, such as an individual Criterion. Grant Family House, Saco vicinity, York County, Maine. Properties possessing high artistic value meet Criterion C through the expression of aesthetic ideals or preferences. The Grant Family House, a modest Federal style residence, is significant for its remarkably well-preserved stenciled wall decorative treatment in the entry hall and parlor. Painted by an unknown artist ca. 1825, this is a fine example of 19th century New England regional artistic expression. (Photo by Kirk F. Mohney). 17 EXAMPLES OF PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH DESIGN! CONSTRUCTION Properties associated with design and construction: • A house or commercial building rep- resenting a significant style ofarchi- tect tire. • A designed park or garden associated with a particular landscape design philosophy. • A movie theater embodying high ar- tistic value in its decorative features. • A bridge or dam representing techno- logical advances. APPLYING CRITERION C: DESIGN/ CONSTRUCTION DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPE, PERIOD, AND METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION This is the portion of Criterion C under which most properties are eligible, for it encompasses all archi- tectural styles and construction practices. To be eligible under this portion of the Criterion, a property must clearly illustrate, through "distinctive characteristics," the following: • The pattern of features common to a particular class of resources, • The individuality or variation of features that occurs within the class, • The evolution of that class, or • The transition between classes of resources. Distinctive Characteristics: "Dis- tinctive characteristics" are the physi- cal features or traits that commonly recur in individual types, periods, or methods of construction. To be eligible, a property must clearly contain enough of those characteristics to be considered a true representative of a particular type, period, or method of construction. Characteristics can be expressed in terms such as form, proportion, struc- ture, plan, style, or materials. They can be general, referring to ideas of design and construction such as basic plan or form, or they can be specific, referring to precise ways of combining particular kinds of materials. Eligible • A building eligible under the theme of Gothic Revival archi- tecture must have the distinc- tive characteristics that make up the vertical and picturesque qualities of the style, such as pointed gables, steep roof pitch, board and batten siding, and ornamental bargeboard and veranda trim. • A late Mississippian village that illustrates the important concepts in prehistoric community design and plan- ning will qualify. • A designed historic landscape will qualify if it reflects a his- toric trend or school of theory and practice, such as the City Beautiful Movement, evidenc- ingdistinguished design, lay- out, and the work of skilled craftsmanship. Not Eligible • A commercial building with some Art Deco detailing is not eligible under Criterion C if the detailing was added merely as an afterthought, rather than fully integrated with overall lines and massing typical of the Art Deco style or the transition between that and another style. • A designed landscape that has had major changes to its his- toric design, vegetation, origi- nal boundary, topography/ grading, architectural features, and circulation system will not qualify. Type, Period, and Method of Construction: "Type, period, or method of construction" refers to the way certain properties are related to one another by cultural tradition or function, by dates of construction or style, or by choice or availability of materials and technology. A structure is eligible as a speci- men of j$s type or period of construc- tion if it is an important example (within its context) of building practices of a particular time in history. For properties that represent the variation, evolution, or transition of construction types, it must be demonstrated that the variation, etc., was an important phase of the archi- tectural development of the area or community in that it had an impact as evidenced by later buildings. A property is not eligible, however, simply because it has been identified as the only such property ever fabri- cated; it must be demonstrated to be significant as well. Eligible • A building that has some char- acteristics of the Romanesque Revival style and some charac- teristics of the Commercial style can qualify if it illustrates the transition of architectural design and the transition itself is considered an important ar- chitectural development. • A Hopewellian mound, if it is an important example of mound building construction techniques, would qualify as a method or type of construc- tion. • A building which illustrates the early or the developing technology of particular structural systems, such as skeletal steel framing, is eli- gible as an example of a particular method of construc- tion. II Swan Falls Dam and Power Plant, Murphy vicinity, Ada County, Idaho. Significant works of engineering can qualify under Criterion C. Built between 1900- 1907 the Swan Falls Dant and Power Plant across the Snake River is one of the early hydroelectric plants in the State of Idaho. (Photo by H.L. Hough). Looney House, Asheville vicinity, St. Clair County, Alabama. Examples of vernacular styles of architecture can qualify under Criterion C. Built ca. 1818, the Looney House is significant as possibly the State's oldest extant two-story dogtrot type of dwelling. The defining open center passage of the dogtrot was a regional building response to the southern climate. (Photo by Carolyn Scott). HISTORIC ADAPTATION OF THE ORIGINAL PROPERTY A property can be significant not only for the way it was originally constructed or crafted, but also for the way it was adapted at a later period, or for the way it illustrates changing tastes, attitudes, and uses over a period of time. A district is eligible under this guideline if it illustrates the evolution of historic character of a place over a particular span of time. Eligible • A Native American irrigation system modified for use by Europeans could be eligible if it illustrates the technology of either or both periods of con- struction. • An early 19th century farm- house modified in the 1880s with Queen Anne style orna- mentation could be significant for the modification itself, if it represented a local variation or significant trend in building construction or remodelling, was the work of a local master (see Works of a Master on page 20), or reflected the tastes of an important person associated with the property at the time' of its alteration. • A district encompassing the commercial development of a town between 1820 and 1910, characterized by buildings of various styles and eras, can be eligible. 19 WORKS OF A MASTER A master is a figure of generally recognized greatness in a field, a known craftsman of consummate skill, or an anonymous craftsman whose work is distinguishable from others by its characteristic style and quality. The property must express a particular phase in the development of the master's career, an aspect of his or her work, or a particular idea or theme in his or her craft. A property is not eligible as the work of a master, however, simply because it was designed by a promi- nent architect. For example, not every building designed by Frank Lloyd Wright is eligible under this portion of Criterion C, although it might meet other portions of the Criterion, for instance as a representative of the Prairie style. The work of an unidentified craftsman is eligible if it rises above the level of workmanship of the other properties encompassed by the historic context. PROPERTIES POSSESSING HIGH ARTISTIC VALUES High artistic values may be ex- pressed in many ways, including areas as diverse as community design or planning, engineering, and sculp- ture. A property is eligible for its high artistic values if it so fully articulates a particular concept of design that it expresses an aesthetic ideal. A property is not eligible, however, if it does not express aesthetic ideals or design concepts more fully than other properties of its type. Eligible • A sculpture in a town square that epitomizes the design principles of the Art Deco style is eligible. • A building that is a classic ex- pression of the design theories of the Craftsman Style, such as carefully detailed handwork, is eligible. • A landscaped park that syn- thesizes early 20th century principles of landscape archi- tecture and expresses an aes- thetic ideal of environment can be eligible. • Properties that are important representatives of the aesthetic values of a cultural group, such as petroglyphs and ground drawings by Native Americans, are eligible. Not Eligible • A sculpture in a town square that is a typical example of sculpture design during its pe- riod would not qualify for high artistic value, although it might be eligible if it were sig- nificant for other reasons. • A building that is a modest ex- ample (within its historic con- text) of the Craftsman Style of architecture, or a landscaped park that is characteristic of turn of the century landscape design would not qualify for high artistic value. A Significant and Distinguishable Entity Whose Components May Lack Individual Distinction. This portion of Criterion C refers to districts. For detailed information on districts, refer to Part IV of this bulletin. 20 CRITERION D: INFORMATION POTENTIAL Properties may be eligible for the National Register if they have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information im- portant in prehistory or history. UNDERSTANDING CRITERION D: INFORMATION POTENTIAL Certain important research ques- tions about human history can only be answered by the actual physical material of cultural resources. Crite- rion D encompasses the properties that have the potential to answer, in whole or in part, those types of research questions. The most com- mon type of property nominated under this Criterion is the archeologi- cal site (or a district comprised of archeological sites). Buildings, objects, and structures (or districts comprised of these property types), however, can also be eligible for their information potential. Criterion D has two requirements, which must both be met for a property to qualify: • The property must have, or have had, information to contribute to our understanding of human his- tory or prehistory, and • The information must be consid- ered important. Under the first of these require- ments, a property is eligible if it has been used as a source of data and contains more, as yet unretrieved data. A property is also eligible if it has not yet yielded information but, through testing or research, is deter- mined a likely source of data. Under the second requirement, the information must be carefully evalu- ated within an appropriate context to determine its importance. Informa- tion is considered "important" when it is shown to have a significant bearing on a research design that addresses such areas as: 1) current data gaps or alternative theories that challenge existing ones or 2) priority areas identified under a State or Federal agency management plan. APPLYING CRITERION D: INFORMATION POTENTIAL ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES Criterion D most commonly applies to properties that contain or are likely to contain information bearing on an important archeological research question. The property must have characteristics suggesting the likelihood that it possesses configura- tions of artifacts, soil strata, structural remains, or other natural or cultural features that make it possible to do the following: • Test a hypothesis or hypotheses about events, groups, or pro- cesses in the past that bear on im- portant research questions in the social or natural sciences or the humanities; or • Corroborate or amplify currently available information suggesting that a hypothesis is either true or false; or • Reconstruct the sequence of ar- cheological cultures for the pur- pose of identifying and explain- ing continuities and discontinu- ities in the archeological record for a particular area. BUILDINGS, STRUCTURES, AND OBJECTS While most often applied to archeological districts and sites, Criterion D can also apply to build- ings, structures, and objects that contain important information. In order for these types of properties to be eligible under Criterion D, they themselves must be, or must have been, the principal source of the important information. Eligible • A building exhibiting a local variation on a standard design or construction technique can be eligible if study could yield important information, such as how local availability of mate- rials or construction expertise affected the evolution of local building development. Not Eligible • The ruins of a hacienda once contained murals that have since been destroyed. Histori- cal documentation, however, indicates that the murals were significant for their highly un- usual design. The ruins can not be eligible under Criterion D for the importance of the de- stroyed murals if the informa- tion is contained only in the documentation. 71 Criterion D - Champe-Fremont I Archeological Site, Omaha vicinity, Douglas County, Nebraska. This archeological site, dating from ca. 1100-1450 A.D., consists of pit houses and storage pits which have the potential to yield important information concerning the subsistence patterns, religious and mortuary practices, and social organization of the prehistoric residents of eastern Nebraska. (Nebraska State Historical Society) ASSOCIATION WITH ESTABLISHING A HISTORIC HUMAN ACTIVITY CONTEXT A property must be associated with human activity and be critical for understanding a site's historic environ- ment in order to be eligible under Criterion D. A property can be linked to human activity through events, processes, institutions, design, con- struction, settlement, migration, ideals, beliefs, lifeways, and other facets of the development or maintenance of cultural systems. The natural environment associated with the properties was often very different from that of the present and strongly influenced cultural develop- ment. Aspects of the environment that are pertinent to human activities should be considered when evaluating properties under Criterion D. Natural features and paleontological (floral and faunal) sites are not usually eligible under Criterion Din and of themselves. They can be eligible, however, if they are either directly related to human activity or critical to understanding a site's historic environ- ment. In a few cases, a natural feature or site unmarked by cultural materials, that is primarily eligible under Crite- rion A, may also be eligible under Criterion D, if study of the feature, or its location, setting, etc. (usually in the context of data gained from other sources), will yield important informa- tion about the event or period with which it is associated. The information that a property yields, or will yield, must be evalu- ated within an appropriate historic context. This will entail consulting the body of information already collected from similar properties or other pertinent sources, including modern and historic written records. The researcher must be able to anticipate if and how the potential information will affect the definition of the context. The information likely to be obtained from a particular property must confirm, refute, or supplement in an important way existing information. A property is not eligible if it cannot be related to a particular time period or cultural group and, as a result, lacks any historic context within which to evaluate the impor- tance of the information to be gained. DEVELOPING RESEARCH QUESTIONS Having established the importance of the information that may be recovered, it is necessary to be explicit in demonstrating the connection between the important information and a specific property. One ap- proach is to determine if specific important research questions can be answered by the data contained in the property. Research questions can be related to property -specific issues, to broader questions about a large geographic area, or to theoretical issues independent of any particular geographic location. These questions may be derived from the academic community or from preservation programs at the local, regional, State, or national level. Research questions are usually developed as part of a "research design," which specifies not only the questions to be asked, but also the types of data needed to supply the answers, and often the techniques needed to recover the data. Eligible • When a site consisting of a vil- lage occupation with midden deposits, hearths, ceramics, and stratified evidence of sev- eral occupations is being evaluated, three possible re- search topics could be: 1) the question of whether the site occupants were indigenous to the area prior to the time of oc- cupation or recent arrivals, 2) the investigation of the settle- ment -subsistence pattern of the occupants, 3) the question of whether, the region was a center for the domestication of plants. Specific questions could include: A) Do the de- posits show a sequential de- velopment or sudden intro- duction of Ceramic Type X? B) Do the dates of the occupa- tions fit our expectations based on the current model for the reoccupation behavior of slash -and -burn agricultural- ists? C) Can any genetic changes in the food plant re- mains be detected? Not Eligible • A property is not eligible if so little can be understood about it that it is not possible to de- termine if specific important research questions can be an- swered by data contained in the property. 22 ESTABLISHING THE PRESENCE OF ADEQUATE DATA To support the assertion that a property has the data necessary to provide the important information, the property should be investigated with techniques sufficient to establish the presence of relevant data catego- ries. What constitutes appropriate investigation techniques would depend upon specific circumstances including the property's location, condition, and the research questions being addressed, and could range from surface survey (or photographic survey for buildings), to the applica- tion of remote sensing techniques or intensive subsurface testing. Justifica- tion of the research potential of a property may be based on analogy to another better known property if sufficient similarities exist to establish the appropriateness of the analogy. Eligible • Data requirements depend on the specific research topics and questions to be addressed. To continue the example in "De- veloping Research Questions" above, we might want to ascer- tain the following with refer- ence to questions A, B, and C: A) The site contains Ceramic Type X in one or more occupa- tion levels and we expect to be able to document the local evaluation of the type or its in- trusive nature. B) The hearths contain datable carbon deposits and are associated with more than one occupation. C) The midden deposits show good floral/faunal preservation, and we know enough about the physical evolution of food plants to interpret signs that suggest domestication. Not Eligible • Generally, if the applicable re- search design requires clearly stratified deposits, then subsur- face investigation techniques must be applied. A site com- posed only of surface -materials can not be eligible for its poten- tial to yield information that could only be found in strati- fied deposits. INTEGRITY The assessment of integrity for properties considered for information potential depends on the data require- ments of the applicable research design. A property possessing information potential does not need to recall visually an event, person, process, or construction technique. It is important that the significant data contained in the property remain sufficiently intact to yield the ex- pected important information, if the appropriate study techniques are employed. Eligible • An irrigation system signifi- cant for the information it will yield on early engineering practices can still be eligible even though it is now filled in and no longer retains the ap- pearance of an open canal. Not Eligible • A plowed archeological site ' contains several superimposed components that have been mixed to the extent that arti- fact assemblages cannot be re- constructed. The site cannot be eligible if the data require- ments of the research design call for the study of artifacts specific to one component. PARTLY EXCAVATED OR DISTURBED PROPERTIES The current existence of appropri- ate physical remains must be ascer- tained in considering a property's ability to yield important information. Properties that have been partly excavated or otherwise disturbed and that are being considered for their potential to yield additional impor- tant information must be shown to retain that potential in their remaining portions. Eligible • A site that has been partially excavated but still retains sub- stantial intact deposits (or a site in which the remaining de- posits are small but contain critical information on a topic that is not well known) is eli- gible. Not Eligible • A totally collected surface site or a completely excavated bur- ied site is not eligible since the physical remains capable of yielding important informa- tion no longer exist at the site. (See Completely Excavated Sites, on page 24, for exception.) Likewise, a site that has been looted or otherwise disturbed to the extent that the remain- ing cultural materials have lost their important depositional context (horizontal or vertical location of deposits) is not eli- gible. • A reconstructed mound or other reconstructed site will generally not be considered eligible, because original cul- tural materials or context or both have been lost. COMPLETELY EXCAVATED SITES Properties that have yielded important information in the past and that no longer retain additional research potential (such as completely excavated archeological sites) must be assessed essentially as historic sites tinder Criterion A. Such sites must be significant for associative values related to: 1) the importance of the data gained or 2) the impact of the property's role in the history of the development of anthropology/ archeology or other relevant disci- plines. Like other historic properties, the site must retain the ability to convey its association as the former repository of important information, the location of historic events, or the representative of important trends. Eligible • A property that has been exca- vated is eligible if the data re- covered was of such impor- tance that it influenced the di- rection of research in the disci- pline, as in a site that clearly established the antiquity of the human occupation of the New World. (See Criterion Ain Part VI: How to Identify the Type of Significance of a Properly and Criteria Consideration G in Part VII: How to Apply the Criteria Considerations.) Not Eligible • A totally excavated site that at one time yielded important in- formation but that no longer can convey either its historic/ prehistoric utilization or sig- nificant modern investigation is not eligible. VII. HOW TO APPLY THE CRITERIA CONSIDERATIONS INTRODUCTION Certain kinds of properties are not usually considered for listing in the National Register: religious proper- ties, moved properties, birthplaces and graves, cemeteries, reconstructed properties, commemorative proper- ties, and properties achieving signifi- cance within the past fifty years. These properties can be eligible for listing, however, if they meet special requirements, called Criteria Consid- erations, in addition to meeting the regular requirements (that is, being eligible under one or more of the four Criteria and possessing integrity). Part VII provides guidelines for determining which properties must meet these special requirements and for applying each Criteria Consider- ation. The Criteria Considerations need to be applied only to individual proper- ties. Components of eligible districts do not have to meet the special requirements unless they make up the majority of the district or are the focal point of the district. These are the general steps to follow when applying the Criteria Considerations to your property: • Before looking at the Criteria Considerations, make sure your property meets one or more of the four Criteria for Evaluation and possesses integrity. • If it does, check the Criteria Con- siderations (next column) to see if the property is of a type that is usually excluded from the Na- tional Register. The sections that follow also list specific examples of properties of each type. If your property clearly does not fit one of these types, then it does not need to meet any special re- quirements. • If your property does fit one of these types, then it must meet the special requirements stipulated for that type in the Criteria Con- siderations. CRITERIA CONSIDERATIONS* Ordinarily cemeteries, birthplaces, or graves of historical figures, proper- ties owned by religious institutions or used for religious purposes, structures that have been moved from their original locations, reconstructed historic buildings, properties prima- rily commemorative in nature, and properties that have achieved signifi- cance within the past fifty years shall not be considered eligible for the National Register. However, such properties will qualify if they are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria or if they fall within the following categories: a. a religious property deriving pri- mary significance from architec- tural or artistic distinction or his- torical importance; or b. a building or structure removed from its original location but which is significant primarily for architectural value, or which is the surviving structure most im- portantly associated with a his- toric person or event; or c. a birthplace or grave of a histori- cal figure of outstanding impor- tance if there is no appropriate site or building directly associ- ated with his or her productive life; or d. a cemetery which derives its pri- mary significance from graves of persons of transcendent impor- tance, from age, from distinctive design features, from association with historic events; or e. a reconstructed building when accurately executed in a suitable environment and presented in a dignified manner as part of a res- toration master plan, and when no other building or structure with the same association has survived; or f. a property primarily commemo- rative in intent if design, age, tra- dition, or symbolic value has in- vested it with its own exceptional significance; or, g. a property achieving significance within the past 50 years if it is of exceptional importance. The Criteria Considerations are taken from the Criteria for Evaluation, found in the Codc of Federal Regulations, Title 36, Part 60. 25 CRITERIA CONSIDERATION A: RELIGIOUS PROPERTIES A religious property is eligible if it derives its primary significance from architectural or artistic distinction or historical importance. UNDERSTANDING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION A: RELIGIOUS PROPERTIES A religious property requires justification on architectural, artistic, or historic grounds to avoid any appearance of judgment by govern- ment about the validity of any reli- gion or belief. Historic significance for a religious property cannot be established on the merits of a reli- gious doctrine, but rather, for archi- tectural or artistic values or for important historic or cultural forces that the property represents. A religious property's significance under Criterion A, B, C, or D must be judged in purely secular terms. A religious group may, in some cases, be considered a cultural group whose activities are significant in areas broader than religious history. Criteria Consideration for Reli- gious Properties applies: • If the resource was constructed by a religious institution. • If the resource is presently owned by a religious institution or is used for religious purposes. • If the resource was owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes during its Pe- riod of Significance. • If Religion is selected as an Area of Significance. Examples of Properties that MUST Meet Criteria Consideration A: Reli- gions Properties • A historic church where an in/par- (ant non -religions event occurred, such as a speech by Patrick Henry. • A historic synagogue that is signifi- cant for architecture. • A private residence is the site of a meeting important to religious his- tory. • A commercial block that is currently owned as an investment properly by a religious institution. • A historic district in which religion was either a predominant orsign ifi- cant function during the period of significance. Example of Properties that DO NOT Need to Meet Criteria Consideration A: Religions Properties • A residential or commercial district that currently contains a small tutu, - her of churches that are not a pre- dominant feahnre of the district. • A town meeting boll that serves as the center of community activity and houses a wide variety of public and private meetings, including reli- gious service. The resource is sig- nificant for architecture and politics, and the religious function is inciden- tal. • A town hall, significant for politics front 1875 to 1925, that housed religious services during the 1950s. Since the religions function occurred after the Period of Significance, the Criteria Consideration does not ap- ply. APPLYING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION A: RELIGIOUS PROPERTIES ELIGIBILITY FOR HISTORIC EVENTS A religious property can be eligible under Criterion A for any of three rea- sons: • It is significant under a theme in the history of religion having secular scholarly recognition; or • It is significant under another his- torical theme, such as explora- tion, settlement, social philan- thropy, or education; or • It is significantly associated with traditional cultural values. 26 RELIGIOUS HISTORY TRADITIONAL CULTURAL ELIGIBILITY FOR HISTORIC VALUES PERSONS A religious property can be eligible if it is directly associated with either a specific event or a broad pattern in the history of religion. Eligible • The site of a convention at which a significant denomina- tional split occurred meets the requirements of Criteria Con- sideration A. Also eligible is a property that illustrates the broad impact of a religious in- stitution on the history of a lo- cal area. Not Eligible • A religious property cannot be eligible simply because was the place of religious services for a community, or was the oldest structure used by a reli- gious group in a local area. OTHER HISTORICAL THEMES A religious property can be eligible if it is directly associated with either a specific event or a broad pattern that is significant in another historic context. A religious property would also qualify if it were significant for its associations that illustrate the importance of a particular religious group in the social, cultural, eco- nomic, or political history of the area. Eligibility depends on the importance of the event or broad pattern and the role of the specific property. Eligible • A religious property can qualify for its important role as a temporary hospital during the Revolutionary War, or if its school was significant in the history of education in the community. Not Eligible • A religious property is not sig- nificant in the history of edu- cation in a community simply because it had occasionally served as a school. When evaluating properties associated with traditional cultures, it is important to recognize that often these cultures do not make clear distinctions between what is secular and what is sacred. Criteria Consider- ation A is not intended to exclude traditional cultural resources merely because they have religious uses or are considered sacred. A property or natural feature important to a tradi- tional culture's religion and mythol- ogy is eligible if its importance has been ethnohistorically documented and if the site can be clearly defined. It is critical, however, that the activi- ties be documented and that the associations not be so diffuse that the physical resource cannot be ad- equately defined.8 Eligible • A specific location or natural feature that an Indian tribe be- lieves to be its place of origin and that is adequately docu- mented qualifies under Crite- ria Consideration A. A religious property can be eligible for association with a person impor- tant in religious history, if that significance has scholarly, secular recognition or is important in other historic contexts. Individuals who would likely be considered significant are those who formed or significantly influenced an important religious institution or movement, or who were important in the social, economic, or political history of the area. Proper- ties associated with individuals important only within the context of a single congregation and lacking importance in anyother historic context would not be eligible under Criterion B. Eligible • A religious property strongly associated with a religious leader, such as George Whitefield or Joseph Smith, is eligible. -For more information on applying Criteria Consideration A to traditional cultural properties, refer to National Register Bulletin: Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties. 27 ELIGIBILITY FOR ARCHITECTURAL OR ARTISTIC DISTINCTION • A religious property significant for • its architectural design or construc- • tion should be evaluated as are other properties under Criterion C; that is, it should be evaluated within an established architectural context and, if necessary, compared to other properties of its type, period, or method of construction. (See "Com- paring Related Properties" in Part V: How to Evaluate a Property Within Its Historic Context.) Eligible • A historic camp meeting dis- trict that meets the require- ments of Criterion C for its sig- nificance as a type of construc- tion is eligible. ELIGIBILITY FOR INFORMATION POTENTIAL HISTORIC ASSOCIATIONS ABILITY TO REFLECT A religious property, whether a district, site, building, structure, or object, is eligible if it can yield impor- tant information about the religious practices of a cultural group or other historic themes. This kind of property should be evaluated as are other properties under Criterion D, in relation to similar properties, other information sources, and existing data gaps. Eligible • A 19th century camp meeting site that could provide infor- mation about the length and intensity of site use during re- vivals of the Second Great Awakening is eligible. • Rock cairns or medicine wheels that had a historic reli- gious mythological function and can provide information about specific cultural beliefs are eligible. Criteria Consideration A - Religious Properties. A religious property can qualify as an exception to the Criteria if it is architecturally significant. The Church of the Navity in Rosedale, Iberville Parish, Louisiana, qualified as a rare example in the State of a 19th century small frame Gothic Revival style chapel. (Robert Ohier) As with all eligible properties, religious properties must physically represent the period of time for which they are significance. For instance, a recent building that houses an older congregation cannot qualify based on the historic activities of the group because the current building does not convey the earlier history. Likewise, an older building that housed the historic activities of the congregation is eligible if it still physically repre- sents the period of the congregation's significance. However, if an older building has been remodeled to the extent that its appearance dates from the time of the remodeling, it can only be eligible if the period of significance corresponds with the period of the alterations. Eligible • A church built in the 18th cen- tury and altered beyond recog- nition in the 19th century is eligible only if the additions are important in themselves as an example of late 19th cen- tury architecture or as a reflec- tion of an important period of the congregation's growth. Not Eligible • A synagogue built in the 1920s cannot be eligible for the im- portant activities of its congre- gation in the 18th and 19th centuries. It can only be eli- gible for significance obtained after its construction date. • A rural 19th century frame church recently sheathed in brick is not eligible because it has lost its characteristic ap- pearance and therefore can no longer convey its 19th century significance, either for archi- tectural value or historic asso- ciation. EZ CRITERIA CONSIDERATION B: MOVED PROPERTIES A property removed from its original or historically significant location can be eligible if it is significant primarily for architectural value or it is the surviving property most importantly associated with a historic person or event. UNDERSTANDING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION B: MOVED PROPERTIES The National Register criteria limit the consideration of moved properties because significance is embodied in locations and settings as well as in the properties themselves. Moving a property destroys the relationships between the property and its sur- roundings and destroys associations with historic events and persons. A move may also cause the loss of historic features such as landscaping, foundations, and chimneys, as well as loss of the potential for associated archeological deposits. Properties that were moved before their period of significance do not need to meet the special requirements of Criteria Consideration B. One of the basic purposes of the National Register is to encourage the preservation of historic properties as living parts of their communities. In keeping with this purpose, it is not usual to list artificial groupings of buildings that have been created for purposes of interpretation, protection, or maintenance. Moving buildings to such a grouping destroys the integrity of location and setting, and can create a false sense of historic development. APPLYING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION. B: MOVED PROPERTIES ELIGIBILITY FOR ARCHITECTURAL VALUE A moved property significant under Criterion C must retain enough historic features to convey its architec- tural values and retain integrity of design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. Examples of Properties that MUST Meet Criteria Consideration B: Moved Properties • A resource ntoved fran one location on its original site to another loca- tion on the property, during or after its Period of Significance. • A district in which a significarnt number of resources have been moved from their original location. • A district whichr has one moved building that makes an especially significant contribution to the dis- trict. • A portable resource, such as a ship or railroad car, that is relocated to a place incompatible with its original function. • A portable resource, such as a ship or railroad car, whose importance is critically linked to its historic loca- tion or route and that is moved. Examples of Properties that DO NOT Need to Meet Criteria Consideration B: Moved Properties • A property that is moved prior to its Period of Significance. • A district in which only a small per- centage of typical buildings in a dis- trict are moved. • A moved building that is part of a complex but is of less significance than the remaining (unmoved) buildings. • A portable resource, such as a ship or railroad car, that is eligible under Criterion C and is moved within its natural setting (water, rails, etc.). • A property that is raised or lowered on its foundations. ELIGIBILITY FOR HISTORIC SETTING AND ASSOCIATIONS ENVIRONMENT A moved property significant under Criteria A or B must be demon- strated to be the surviving property most importantly associated with a particular historic event or an impor- tant aspect of a historic person's life. The phrase "most importantly associ- ated" means that it must be the single surviving property that is most closely associated with the event or with the part of the person's life for which hear she is significant. Eligible A moved building occupied by an business woman during the majority of her productive ca- reer would be eligible if the other extant properties are a house she briefly inhabited prior to her period of signifi- cance and a commercial build- ing she owned after her retire- ment. Not Eligible A moved building associated with the beginning of rail transportation in a community is not eligible if the original railroad station and ware- house remained intact on their original sites. In addition to the requirements above, moved properties must still have an orientation, setting, and general environment that are compa rable to those of the historic location and that are compatible with the property's significance. Eligible • A property significant as an example of mid -19th century rural house type can be eli- gible after a move, provided that it is placed on a lot that is sufficient in size and character to recall the basic qualities of the historic environment and setting, and provided that the building is sited appropriately in relation to natural and manmade surroundings. Not Eligible • A rural house that is moved into an urban area and a bridge that is no longer situ- ated over a waterway are not eligible. ASSOCIATION DEPENDENT ON THE SITE For a property whose design values or historical associations are directly dependent on its location, any move will cause the property to lose its integrity and prevent it from convey- ing its significance. Eligible • A farm structure significant only as an example of'a method of construction pecu- liar to the local area is still eli- gible if it is moved within that local area and the new setting is similar to that of the original location. Not Eligible • A 19th century rural residence that was designed around par- ticular topographic features, reflecting that time period's ideals of environment, is not eligible if moved. PROPERTIES DESIGNED TO BE MOVED A property designed to move or a property frequently moved during its historic use must be located in a historically appropriate setting in order to qualify, retaining its integrity of setting, design, feeling, and associa- tion. Such properties include automo- biles, railroad cars and engines, and ships. Eligible • A ship docked in a harbor, a locomotive on tracks or in a railyard, and a bridge relo- cated from one body of water to another are eligible. Not Eligible • A ship on land in a park, a bridge placed in a pasture, or a locomotive displayed in an in- door museum are not eligible. ARTIFICIALLY CREATED GROUPINGS An artificially created grouping of buildings, structures, or objects is not eligible unless it has achieved signifi- cance since the time of its assemblage. It cannot he considered as a reflection of the time period when the indi- vidual buildings were constructed. Eligible • A grouping of moved historic buildings whose creation marked the beginning of a ma- jor concern with past lifestyles can qualify as an early attempt at historic preservation and as an illustration of that genera- tion's values. Not Eligible • A rural district composed of a farmhouse on its original site and a grouping of historic barns recently moved onto the property is not eligible. PORTIONS OF PROPERTIES A moved portion of a building, structure, or object is not eligible because, as a fragment of a larger resource, it has lost integrity of design, setting, materials, workman- ship, and location. 31 CRITERIA CONSIDERATION C: BIRTHPLACES OR GRAVES A birthplace or grave of a historical figure is eligible if the person is of outstanding importance and if there is no other appropriate site or building directly associated with his or her productive life. UNDERSTANDING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION C: BIRTHPLACES AND GRAVES Birthplaces and graves often attain importance as reflections of the origins of important persons or as lasting memorials to them. The lives of persons significant in our past nor- mally are recognized by the National Register through listing of properties illustrative of or associated with that person's productive life's work. Birthplaces and graves, as properties that represent the beginning and the end of the life of distinguished indi- viduals, may be temporally and geographically far removed from the person's significant activities, and therefore are not usually considered eligible. Examples of Properties that MUST Meet Criteria Consideration C: Birth- places and Graves • The birthplace of a significant person who lived elsewhere during his or her Period of Significance. • A grave that is nominated for its as- sociation with the significant person buried in it. • A grave that is nominated for infor- mation potential. Examples of Properties that DO NOT Need to Meet Criteria Consideration C: Birthplaces and Graves • A house that was inhabited by a sig- nificant person for his or her entire lifetime. • A grave located on the grounds of the house where a significant person spent his or her productive years. APPLYING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION C: BIRTHPLACES AND GRAVES PERSONS OF OUTSTANDING IMPORTANCE The phrase "a historical figure of outstanding importance" means that in order for a birthplace or grave to qualify, it cannot be simply the birthplace or grave of a person significant in our past (Criterion B). It must be the birthplace or grave of an individual who was of outstanding importance in the history of the local area, State, or nation. The birthplace or grave of an individual who was one of several people active in some aspect of the history, of a community, a state, or the Nation would not be eligible. LAST SURVIVING PROPERTY ASSOCIATED WITH A PERSON When an geographical area strongly associated with a person of outstanding importance has lost all other properties directly associated with his or her formative years or productive life, a birthplace or grave may be eligible. 32 ELIGIBILITY FOR OTHER ASSOCIATIONS A birthplace or grave can also be eligible if it is significant for reasons other than association with the productive life of the person in question. It can be eligible for signifi- cance under Criterion A for associa- tion with important events, under Criterion B for association with the productive lives of other important persons, or under Criterion C for architectural significance. A birth- place or grave can also be eligible in rare cases if, after the passage of time, it is significant for its commemorative value. (See Criteria Consideration F for a discussion of commemorative properties.) A birthplace or grave can also be eligible under Criterion D if it contains important information on research, e.g., demography, pathol- ogy, mortuary practices, socioeco- nomic status differentiation. Criteria Consideration C - Birthplaces. A birthplace of a historical figure is eligible if the person is of outstanding importance and there is no other appropriate site or building associated with his or her productive life. The Walter Reed Birthplace, Gloucester vicinity, Gloucester County, Virginia is the "lost appropriate remaining building associated with the life of the man who, in 1900, discovered the cause and mode of transmission of the great scourge of the tropics, yellow fever. (Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission) 33 CRITERIA CONSIDERATION D: CEMETERIES A cemetery is eligible if it derives its primary significance from graves of persons of transcendent importance, from age, from distinctive design features, or from association with historic events. UNDERSTANDING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION D: CEMETERIES A cemetery is a collection of graves that is marked by stones or other artifacts or that is unmarked but recognizable by features such'as fencing or depressions, or through maps, or by means of testing. Cem- eteries serve as a primary means of an individual's recognition of family history and as expressions of collec- tive religious and/or ethnic identity. Because cemeteries may embody values beyond personal or family - specific emotions, the National Register criteria allow for listing of cemeteries under certain conditions. Examples of Properties that MUST Meet Criteria Consideration D: Cemeteries • A cemetery that is nominated indi- vidually for Criterion A, B, or C. Examples of Properties that DO NOT Need to Meet Criteria Consideration D: Cemeteries • A cemetery that is nominated along with its associated church, but the church is the main resource nomi- nated. • A cemetery that is nominated under Criterion D for information poten- tial. • A centetenj that is nominated as part of a district but is not the focal point of the district. Criteria Consideration D - Cemeteries. The Hancock Cemetery, Quincy, Norfolk County, Massachusetts meets the exception to the Criteria because it derives its primary significance front its great age (the earliest burials date from 1640) and from the distinctive design features found in its rich collection of late 17th and early 18th century funerary art. (N. HobnrtHolly) APPLYING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION D: CEMETERIES PERSONS OF TRANSCENDENT IMPORTANCE A cemetery containing the graves of persons of transcendent importance may be eligible. To be of transcendent importance the persons must have been of great eminence in their fields of endeavor or had a great impact upon the history of their community, State, or nation. (A single grave that is the burial place of an important person and is located in a larger cemetery that does not qualify under this Criteria Consideration should be treated under Criteria Consideration C: Birthplaces and Graves.) Eligible • A historic cemetery containing the graves of a number of per- sons who were exceptionally significant in determining the course of a State's political or economic history during a par- ticular period is eligible. Not Eligible • A cemetery containing graves of State legislators is not eli- gible if they simply performed the daily business of State gov- ernment and did not have an outstanding impact upon the nature and direction of the State's history. 34 ELIGIBILITY ON THE BASIS OF AGE Cemeteries can be eligible if they have achieved historic significance for their relative great age in a particular geographic or cultural context. Eligible • A cemetery dating from a community's original 1830s settlement can attain signifi- cance from its association with that very early period. ELIGIBILITY FOR DESIGN Cemeteries can qualify on the basis of distinctive design values. These values refer to the same design values addressed in Criterion C and can include aesthetic or technological achievement in the fields of city planning, architecture, landscape architecture, engineering, mortuary art, and sculpture. As for all other nominated properties, a cemetery must clearly express its design values and be able to convey its historic appearance. Eligible • A Victorian cemetery is eli- gible if it clearly expresses the aesthetic principles related to funerary design for that pe- riod, through such features as the overall plan, landscaping, statuary, sculpture, fencing, buildings, and grave markers. Not Eligible • A cemetery cannot be eligible for design values if it no longer conveys its historic ap- pearance because of the intro- duction of new grave markers. ELIGIBILITY FOR ASSOCIATION WITH EVENTS Cemeteries may be associated with historic events including specific important events or general events that illustrate broad patterns. Eligible • A cemetery associated with an important Civil War battle is eligible. • A cemetery associated with the settlement of an area by an ethnic or cultural group is eli- gible if the movement of the group into the area had an im- portant impact, if other prop- erties associated with that group are rare, and if few documentary sources have survived to provide informa- tion about the group's history. Not Eligible • A cemetery associated with a battle in the Civil War does not qualify if the battle was not important in the history of the war. • A cemetery associated with an area's settlement by an ethnic or cultural group is not eli- gible if the impact of the group on the area cannot be estab- lished, if other extant historic properties better convey asso- ciation with the group, or if the information that the cem- etery can impart is available in documentary sources. ELIGIBILITY FOR INFORMATION POTENTIAL Cemeteries, both historic and prehistoric, can be eligible if they have the potential to yield important information. The information must be important within a specific context and the potential to yield information must be demonstrated. •A cemetery can qualify if it has potential to yield important informa- tion provided that the information it contains is not available in extant documentary evidence. Eligible • A cemetery associated with the settlement of a particular cul- tural group will qualify if it has the potential to yield im- portant information about sub- jects such as demography, variations in mortuary prac- tices, or the study of the cause of death correlated with nutri- tion or other variables. INTEGRITY Assessing the integrity of a historic cemetery entails evaluating principal design features such as plan, grave markers, and any related elements (such as fencing). Only that portion of a historic cemetery that retains its historic integrity can be eligible. If the overall integrity has been lost because of the number and size of recent grave markers, some features such as buildings, structures, or objects that retain integrity may be considered as individual properties if they are of such historic or artistic importance that they individually meet one or more of the requirements listed above. NATIONAL CEMETERIES National Cemeteries administered by the Veterans Administration are eligible because they have been designated by Congress as primary memorials to the military history of the United States, Those areas within a designated national cemetery that have been used or prepared for the reception of the remains of veterans and their dependents, as well as any landscaped areas that immediately surround the graves may qualify. Because these cemeteries draw their significance from the presence of the remains of military personnel who have served the country throughout its history, the age of the cemetery is not a factor in judging eligibility, although integrity must be present. A national cemetery or a portion of a national cemetery that has only been set aside for use in the future is not eligible. CRITERIA CONSIDERATION E: RECONTRUCTED PROPERTIES A reconstructed property is eligible when it is accurately executed in a suitable environment and presented in a dig- nified manner as part of a restoration master plan and when no other building or structure with the same associations has survived. All three of these requirements must be met. UNDERSTANDING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION E: RECONSTRUCTED PROPERTIES "Reconstruction" is defined as the reproduction of the exact form and detail of a vanished building, struc- ture, object, or a part thereof, as it appeared at a specific period of time. Reconstructed buildings fall into two categories: buildings wholly con- structed of new materials and build- ings reassembled from some I istoric and some new materials. Botb'catego- ries of properties present problems in meeting the integrity requirements of the National Register criteria. Examples of Properties that MUST Meet Criteria Consideration E: Recon- structed Properties • A property in which most or all of the fabric is not original. • A district in which an important re- source or a significant number of re- sources are reconstructions. Examples of Properties that DO NOT Need to Meet Criteria Consideration E: Reconstructed Properties • A property that is remodeled or reno- vated and still has the majority of its original fabric. APPLYING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION E: RECONSTRUCTED PROPERTIES ACCURACY OF THE RECONSTRUCTION The phrase "accurately executed" means that the reconstruction must be based upon sound archeological, architectural, and historic data con- cerning the historic construction and appearance of the resource. That documentation should include both analysis of any above or below ground material and research in written and other records. SUITABLE ENVIRONMENT The phrase "suitable environment" refers to: 1) the physical context provided by the historic district and 2) any interpretive scheme, if the historic district is used for interpretive purposes. This means that the reconstructed property must be located at the same site as the original. It must also be situated in its original grouping of buildings, structures, and objects (as many as are extant), and that grouping must retain integrity. In addition, the reconstruction must not be misrepresented as an authentic historic property. Eligible • A reconstructed plantation manager's office building is considered eligible because it is located at its historic site, grouped with the remaining historic plantation buildings and structures, and the planta- tion as a whole retains integ- rity. Interpretation of the plantation district includes an explanation that the manager's office is not the original build- ing, but a reconstruction. Not Eligible • The same reconstructed plan- tation manager's office build- ing would not qualify if it were rebuilt at a location dif- ferent from that of the original building, or if the district as a whole no longer reflected the period for which it is signifi- cant, or if a misleading inter- pretive scheme were used for the district or for the recon- struction itself. 37 RESTORATION MASTER LAST SURVIVING RECONSTRUCTIONS PLANS PROPERTY OF A TYPE OLDER THAN FIFTY YEARS Being presented "as part of a restoration master plan" means that: 1) a reconstructed property is an essential component in a historic district and 2) the reconstruction is part of an overall restoration plan for an entire district. "Restoration" is defined as accurately recovering the form and details of a property and its setting as it appeared at a particular period by removing later work or by replacing missing earlier work (as opposed to completely rebuilding the property). The master plan for the entire property must emphasize restoration, not reconstruction. In other words, the master plan for the entire resource would not be accept- able under this consideration if it called for reconstruction of a majority of the resource. Eligible • A reconstructed plantation manager's office is eligible if the office were an important component of the plantation and if the reconstruction is one element in an overall plan for restoring the plantation and if no other building or structure with the same associations has survived. • The reconstruction of the plan- tation manager's office build- ing can be eligible only if the majority of buildings, struc- tures, and objects that com- prised the plantation are ex- tant and are being restored. For guidance regarding resto- ration see the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Historic Preservation Projects. This consideration also stipulates that a reconstruction can qualify if, in addition to the other requirements, no other building, object, or structure with the same association has sur- vived. A reconstruction that is part of a restoration master plan is appropri- ate only if: 1) the property is the only one in the district with which a particular important activity or event has been historically associated or 2) no other property with the same associative values has survived. After the passage of fifty years, a reconstruction may attain its own significance for what it reveals about the period in which it was built, rather than the historic period it was intended to depict. On that basis, a reconstruction can possibly qualify under any of the Criteria. 38 CRITERIA CONSIDERATION F: COMMEMORATIVE PROPERTIES A property primarily commemorative in intent can be eligible if design, age, tradition, or symbolic value has invested it with its own historical significance. UNDERSTANDING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION F: COMMEMORATIVE PROPERTIES Commemorative properties are designed or constructed after the occurrence of an important historic event or after the life of an important person. They are not directly associ- ated with the event or with the person's productive life, but serve as evidence of a later generation's assess- ment of the past. Their significance comes from their value as cultural expressions at the date of their cre- ation. Therefore, a commemorative property generally must be over fifty years old and must possess signifi- cance based on its own value, not on the value of the event or person being memorialized. Examples of Properties that MUST Meet Criteria Consideration F: Commemorative Properties • A property whose sole or primary function is commemorative or in which the commemorative function is of primary significance. Examples of Properties that DO NOT Need to Meet Criteria Consideration F: Commemorative Properties • A resource that has a non - commemorative primary function or significace. • A single marker that is a component of a district (to/:ether contributing or non -con! ributi ng). APPLYING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION F: COMMEMORATIVE PROPERTIES ELIGIBILITY FOR DESIGN A commemorative property derives its design from the aesthetic values of the period of its creation. A com- memorative property, therefore, may be significant for the architectural, artistic, or other design qualities of its own period in prehistory or history. Eligible • A commemorative statue situ- ated in a park or square is eli- gible if it expresses the aesthet- ics or craftsmanship of the pe- riod when it was made, meet- ing Criterion C. • A late 19th century statue erected on a courthouse square to commemorate Civil War vet- erans would qualify if it reflects that era's shared perception of the noble character and valor of the veterans and their cause. This was commonly conveyed by portraying idealized soldiers or allegorical figures of battle, victory, or sacrifice. 39 ELIGIBILITY FOR AGE, TRADITION, OR SYMBOLIC VALUE • A commemorative property cannot qualify for association with the event or person it memorializes. A com- memorative property may, however, acquire significance after the time of its creation through age, tradition, or symbolic value. This significance must be documented by accepted methods of historical research, including written or oral history, and must meet one or more of the Criteria. Eligible • A commemorative marker erected by a cultural group that believed the place was the site of its origins is eligible if, for subsequent generations of the group, the marker itself be- came the focus of traditional association with the group's historic identity. • A building erected as a monu- ment to an important histori- cal figure will qualify if through the passage of time the property itself has come to symbolize the value placed upon the individual and is widely recognized as a re- minder of enduring principles or contributions valued by the generation that erected the monument. A commemorative marker erected early in the settlement or development of an area will qualify if it is demonstrated that, because of its relative great age, the property has long been a part of the historic identity of the area. Not Eligible • A commemorative marker erected in the past by a cul- tural group at the site of an event in its history would not be eligible if the marker were significant only for association with the event, and it had not become significant' itself through tradition. • A building erected as a monu- ment to an important histori- cal figure would not be eligible if its only value lay in its asso- ciation with the individual, and it has not come to symbol- ize values, ideas, or contribu- tions valued by the generation that erected the monument. • A commemorative marker erected to memorialize an event in the community's history would not qualify sim- ply for its association with the event it memorialized. INELIGIBILITY AS THE LAST REPRESENTATIVE OF AN EVENT OR PERSON The loss of properties directly associated with a significant event or person does not strengthen the case for consideration of a commemorative property. Unlike birthplaces and graves, a commemorative property usually has no direct historic associa- tion. The commemorative property can qualify for historic association only if it is clearly significant in its own right, as stipulated above. 40 CRITERIA CONSIDERATION G: PROPERTIES THAT HAVE ACHIEVED SIGNIFICANCE WITHIN THE LAST FIFTY YEARS9 A property achieving significance within the last fifty years is eligible if it is of exceptional importance. UNDERSTANDING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION G: PROPERTIES THAT HAVE ACHIEVED SIGNIFICANCE WITHIN THE LAST FIFTY YEARS The National Register Criteria for Evaluation exclude properties that achieved significance within the last fifty years unless they are of excep- tional importance. Fifty years is a general estimate of the time needed to develop historical perspective and to evaluate significance. This consider- ation guards against the listing of properties of passing contemporary interest and ensures that the National Register is a list of truly historic places. Examples of Properties that MUST Meet Criteria Consideration G: Prop- erties that Have Achieved Signifi- cance Within the Last Fifty Years • A property that is less than fifty years old. • A property that continues to achieve significance into a period less than fifty years before the nomination. • A property that has non-contiguous Periods of Significance, one of which is less than fifty years before the nomination. • A property that is more than fifty years old and had no significance until a period less than fifty years before the nomination. Examples of Properties that DO NOT Need to Meet Criteria Consideration G: Properties that Have Achieved Significance Within the Last Fifty Years • A resource whose construction be- gan over fifty years ago, but the completion overlaps the fifty year pe- riod by a few years or less. • A resource that is significant for its plan or design, which is over fifty years old, but the actual completion of the project overlaps the fifty year period by a few years. • A historic district in which a few properties are newer than fifty years old, but the majority of properties and the most important Period of Significance are greater than fifty years old. For more information on Criteria Consideration C. refer to National Register Bulletin: Guidelines for Evaluating and Nominating Properties that Have Achieved Significance Within the Last Fifty Years. .. 41 APPLYING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION G: PROPERTIES THAT HAVE ACHIEVED SIGNIFICANCE WITHIN THE PAST FIFTY YEARS ELIGIBILITY FOR EXCEPTIONAL IMPORTANCE The phrase "exceptional impor- tance" may be applied to the extraor- dinary importance of an event or to an entire category of resources so fragile that survivors of any age are unusual. Properties listed that had attained significance in less than fifty years include: the launch pad at Cape Canaveral from which men first traveled to the moon, the home of nationally prominent playwright Eugene O'Neill, and the Chrysler Building (New York) significant as the epitome of the "Style Moderne" architecture. Properties less than fifty years old that qualify as exceptional because the entire category of resources is fragile include a recent example of a tradi- tional sailing canoe in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, where because of rapid deterioration of materials, no working Micronesian canoes exist that are more than twenty years old. Properties that by their nature can last more than fifty years cannot be considered exceptionally important because of the fragility of the class of resources. The phrase "exceptional impor- tance" does not require that the property be of national significance. It is a measure of a property's impor- tance within the appropriate historic context, whether the scale of that context is local, State, or national. Eligible • The General Laundry Building in New Orleans, one of the few remaining Art Deco Style buildings in that city, was listed in the National Register when it was forty years old be- cause of its exceptional impor- tance as an example of that ar- chitectural style. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE A property that has achieved significance within the past fifty years can be evaluated only when sufficient historical perspective exists to deter- mine that the property is exception- ally important. The necessary per- spective can be provided by scholarly research and evaluation, and must consider both the historic context and the specific property's role in that context. In many communities, properties such as apartment buildings built in the 1950s cannot be evaluated because there is no scholarly research avail- able to provide an overview of the nature, role, and impact of that building type within the context of historical and architectural develop- ments of the 1950s. NATIONAL PARK SERVICE RUSTIC ARCHITECTURE Properties such as structures built in a rustic style by the National Park Service during the 1930s and 1940s can be evaluated because a broad study, National Park Service Rustic Architecture (1977), provides the context for evaluating properties of this type and style. Specific examples were listed in the National Register prior to reaching fifty years of age when documentation concerning the individual properties established their significance within the historical and architectural context of the type and style. VETERANS ADMINISTRATION HOSPITALS Hospitals less than fifty years old that were constructed by the Veterans Bureau and Veterans Administration can be evaluated because the collec- tion of forty-eight facilities built be- tween 1920 and 1946 has been ana- lyzed in a study prepared by the agency. The study provided a historic and architectural context for develop- ment of veteran's care within which hospitals could be evaluated. The ex- ceptional importance of specific indi- vidual facilities constructed within the past fifty years could therefore be de- termined based on their role and their present integrity. COMPARISON WITH RELATED PROPERTIES In justifying exceptional impor- tance, it is necessary to identify other properties within the geographical area that reflect the same significance or historic associations and to deter- mine which properties best represent the historic context in question. Several properties in the area could become eligible with the passage of time, but few will qualify now as exceptionally important. POST -WORLD WAR II PROPERTIES Properties associated with the post - World War II era must be identified and evaluated to determine which ones in an area could be judged exceptionally important. For ex- ample, a public housing complex may be eligible as an outstanding expres- sion of the nation's post-war urban policy. A military installation could be judged exceptionally important because of its contribution to the Cold War arms race. A church building in a Southern city may have served as the pivotal rallying point for the city's most famous civil rights protest. A post-war suburban subdivision may be the best reflection of contemporary siting and design tenets in a metro- politan area. In each case, the nomi- nation preparer must justify the exceptional importance of the property relative to similar properties in the community, State, or nation. 42 ELIGIBILITY FOR INFORMATION POTENTIAL A property that has achieved significance within the past fifty years can qualify under Criterion D only if it can be demonstrated that the information is of exceptional impor- tance within the appropriate context and that the property contains data superior to or different from those obtainable from other sources, includ- ing other culturally related sites. An archeological site less than fifty years old may be eligible if the former inhabitants are so poorly documented that information about their lifeways is best obtained from examination of the material remains. Eligible • Data such as the rate of adop- tion of modern technological innovations by rural tenant farmers in the 1950s may not be obtainable through inter- views with living persons but could be gained by examina- tion of homesites. Not Eligible • A recent archeological site such as the remains of a Navajo sheep corral used in the 1950s would not be consid- ered exceptionally significant for its information potential on animal husbandry if better in- formation on the same topic is available through ethno- graphic studies or living infor- mants. HISTORIC DISTRICTS Properties which have achieved significance within the past fifty years can be eligible for the National Register if they are an integral part of a district which qualifies for National Register listing. This is demonstrated by documenting that the property dates from within the district's defined Period of Significance and that it is associated with one or more of the district's defined Areas of Significance. Properties less than fifty years old may be an integral part of a district when there is sufficient perspective to consider the properties as historic. This is accomplished by demonstrat- ing that: 1) the district's Period of Significance is justified as a discrete period with a defined beginning and end, 2) the character of the district's historic resources is clearly defined and assessed, 3) specific resources in the district are demonstrated to date from that discrete era, and 4) the majority of district properties are over fifty years old. In these instances, it is not necessary to prove exceptional importance of either the district itself or the less -than -fifty -year -old proper- ties. Exceptional importance still must be demonstrated for district where the majority of properties or the major Period of Significance is less than fifty years old, and for less -than - fifty -year -old properties which are nominated individually. PROPERTIES MORE THAN FIFTY YEARS IN AGE, LESS THAN FIFTY YEARS IN SIGNIFICANCE Properties that are more than fifty years old, but whose significant associations or qualities are less than fifty years old, must be treated under the fifty year consideration. Eligible • A building constructed early in the twentieth century (and having no architectural impor- tance), but that was associated with an important person during the 1950s, must be evaluated under Criteria Con- sideration G because the Pe- riod of Significance is within the past fifty years. Such a property would qualify if the person was of exceptional im- portance. REQUIREMENT TO MEET THE CRITERIA, REGARDLESS OF AGE Properties that are less than fifty years old and are not exceptionally important will not automatically qualify for the National Register once they are fifty years old. In order to be listed in the National Register, all properties, regardless of age, must be demonstrated to meet the Criteria for Evaluation. 43 VIII. HOW TO EVALUATE THE INTEGRITY OF A PROPERTY INTRODUCTION Integrity is the ability of a prop- erty to convey its significance. To be listed in the National Register of Historic Places, a property must not only be shown to be significant under the National Register criteria, but it also must have integrity. The evalua- tion of integrity is sometimes a subjective judgment, but it must always be grounded in an under- standing of a property's physical features and how they relate to its significance. Historic properties either retain integrity (this is, convey their signifi- cance) or they do not. Within the concept of integrity, the National Register criteria recognizes seven aspects or qualities that, in various combinations, define integrity. To retain historic integrity a property will always possess several, and usually most, of the aspects. The retention of specific aspects of integ- rity is paramount for a property to convey its significance. Determining which of these aspects are most important to a particular property requires knowing why, where, and when the property is significant. The following sections define the seven aspects and explain how they com- bine to produce integrity. SEVEN ASPECTS OF INTEGRITY • Location • Design • Setting • Materials • Workmanship • Feeling • Association UNDERSTANDING THE ASPECTS OF INTEGRITY LOCATION Location is the place where the historic property was constructed or the place where the historic event occurred. The relationship between the property and its location is often important to understanding why the property was created or why some- thing happened. The actual location of a historic property, complemented by its setting, is particularly important in recapturing the sense of historic events and persons. Except in rare cases, the relationship between a property and its historic associations is destroyed if the property is moved. (See Criteria Consideration B in Part VII: How to Apply the Criteria Consider- ations, for the conditions under which a moved property can be eligible.) DESIGN Design is the combination of elements that create the form, plan, space, structure, and style of a property. It results from conscious decisions made during the original conception and planning of a prop- erty (or its significant alteration) and applies to activities as diverse as community planning, engineering, architecture, and landscape architec- ture. Design includes such elements as organization of space, proportion, scale, technology, ornamentation, and materials. A property's design reflects historic functions and technologies as well as aesthetics. It includes such consider- ations as the structural system; massing; arrangement of spaces; pattern of fenestration; textures and colors of surface materials; type, amount, and style of ornamental detailing; and arrangement and type of plantings in a designed landscape. Design can also apply to districts, whether they are important primarily for historic association, architectural value, information potential, or a combination thereof. For districts significant primarily for historic association or architectural value, design concerns more than just the individual buildings or structures located within the boundaries. It also applies to the way in which buildings, sites, or structures are related: for example, spatial relationships be- tween major features; visual rhythms in a streetscape or landscape plantings; the layout and materials of walkways and roads; and the relation- ship of other features, such as statues, water fountains, and archeological sites. 44 SETTING Setting is the physical environ- ment of a historic property. Whereas location refers to the specific place where a property was built or an event occurred, setting refers to the character of the place in which the property played its historical role. It involves how, not just where, the property is situated and its relationship to sur- rounding features and open space. Setting often reflects the basic physical conditions under which a property was built and the functions it was intended to serve. In addition, the way in which a property is posi- tioned in its environment can reflect the designer's concept of nature and aesthetic preferences. The physical features that constitute the setting of a historic property can be either natural or manmade, includ- ing such elements as: • Topographic features (a gorge or the crest of a hill); • Vegetation; • Simple manmade features (paths or fences); and • Relationships between buildings and other features or open space. These features and their relation- ships should be examined not only within the exact boundaries of the property, but also between the prop- erty and its surroundings. This is particularly important for districts. MATERIALS Materials are the physical ele- ments that were combined or depos- ited during a particular period of time and in a particular pattern or configuration to form a historic property. The choice and combination of materials reveal the preferences of those who created the property and indicate the availability of particular types of materials and technologies. Indigenous materials are often the focus of regional building traditions and thereby help define an area's sense of time and place. A property must retain the key exterior materials dating from the period of its historic significance. If the property has been rehabilitated, the historic materials and significant features must have been preserved. The property must also be an actual historic resource, not a recreation; a recent structure fabricated to look historic is not eligible. Likewise, a property whose historic features and materials have been lost and then reconstructed is usually not eligible. (See Criteria Consideration E in Part VII: How to Apply the Criteria Consider- ations for the conditions under which a reconstructed property can be eligible.) WORKMANSHIP Workmanship is the physical evidence of the crafts of a particular culture or people during any given period in history or prehistory. It is the evidence of artisans' labor and skill in constructing or altering a building, structure, object, or site. Workmanship can apply to the property as a whole or to its indi- vidual components. It can be ex- pressed in vernacular methods of construction and plain finishes or in highly sophisticated configurations and ornamental detailing. It can be based on common traditions or innovative period techniques. Workmanship is important because it can furnish evidence of the technol- ogy of a craft, illustrate the aesthetic principles of a historic or prehistoric period, and reveal individual, local, regional, or national applications of both technological practices and aesthetic principles. Examples of workmanship in historic buildings include tooling, carving, painting, graining, turning, and joinery. Ex- amples of workmanship in prehistoric contexts include Paleo-Indian clovis projectile points; Archaic period beveled adzes; Hopewellian birdstone pipes; copper earspools and worked bone pendants; and Iroquoian effigy pipes. FEELING Feeling is a property's expression of the aesthetic or historic sense of a particular period of time. It results from the presence of physical features that, taken together, convey the property's historic character. For example, a rural historic district retaining original design, materials, workmanship, and setting will relate the feeling of agricultural life in the 19th century. A grouping of prehis- toric petroglyphs, unmarred by graffiti and intrusions and located on its original isolated bluff, can evoke a sense of tribal spiritual life. ASSOCIATION Association is the direct link between an important historic event or person and a historic property. A property retains association if it is the place where the event or activity occurred and is sufficiently intact to convey that relationship to an ob- server. Like feeling, association requires the presence of physical features that convey a property's historic character. For example, a Revolutionary War battlefield whose natural and manmade elements have remained intact since the 18th century will retain its quality of association with the battle. Because feeling and association depend on individual perceptions, their retention alone is never sufficient to support eligibility of a property for the National Register. ASSESSING INTEGRITY IN PROPERTIES Integrity is based on significance: why, where, and when a property is important. Only after significance is fully established can you proceed to the issue of integrity. The steps in assessing integrity are: • Define the essential physical fea- tures that must be present for a property to represent its signifi- cance. • Determine whether the essential physical features are visible enough to convey their signifi- cance. • Determine whether the property needs to be compared with simi- lar properties. And, • Determine, based on the signifi- cance and essential physical fea- tures, which aspects of integrity are particularly vital to the prop- erty being nominated and if they are present. Ultimately, the question of integ- rity is answered by whether or not the property retains the identity for which it is significant. 45 DEFINING THE ESSENTIAL PHYSICAL FEATURES All properties change over time. It is not necessary for a property to retain all its historic physical features or characteristics. The property must retain, however, the essential physical features that enable it to convey its historic identity. The essential physical features are those features that define both why a property is significant (Applicable Criteria and Areas of Significance) and whca it was significant (Periods of Significance). They are the features without which a property can no longer be identified as, for instance, a late 19th century dairy barn or an early 20th century commercial district. CRITERIA A AND B A property that is significant for its historic association is eligible if it retains the essential physical features that made up its character or appear- ance during the period of its associa- tion with the important event, histori- cal pattern, or person(s). If the property is a site (such as a treaty site) where there are no material cultural remains, the setting must be intact. Archeological sites eligible under Criteria A and B must be in overall good condition with excellent preser- vation of features, artifacts, and spatial relationships to the extent that these remains are able to convey important associations with events or persons. CRITERION C A property important for illustrat- ing a particular architectural style or construction technique must retain most of the physical features that constitute that style or technique. A property that has lost some historic materials or details can be eligible if it retains the majority of the features that illustrate its style in terms of the massing, spatial relationships, propor- tion, pattern of windows and doors, texture of materials, and ornamenta- tion. The property is not eligible, however, if it retains some basic features conveying massing but has lost the majority of the features that once characterized its style. Archeological sites eligible under Criterion C must be in overall good condition with excellent preservation of features, artifacts, and spatial relationships to the extent that these remains are able to illustrate a site type, time period, method of construc- tion, or work of a master. CRITERION D For properties eligible under Criterion D, including archeological sites and standing structures studied for their information potential, less attention is given to their overall condition, than it they were being considered under Criteria A, B, or C. Archeological sites, in particular, do not exist today exactly as they were formed. There are always cultural and natural processes that alter the deposited materials and their spatial relationships. For properties eligible under Criterion D, integrity is based upon the property's potential to yield specific data that addresses important research questions, such as those identified in the historic context documentation in the Statewide Comprehensive Preservation Plan or in the research design for projects meeting the Secretanl of the Interior's Standards for Archeological Docinnenta- tim:. INTERIORS Some historic buildings are virtu- ally defined by their exteriors, and their contribution to the built environ- ment can be appreciated even if their interiors are not accessible. Examples of this would include early examples of steel -framed skyscraper construc- tion. The great advance in American technology and engineering made by these buildings can be read from the outside. The change in American popular taste during the 19th century, from the symmetry and simplicity of architectural styles based on classical precedents, to the expressions of High Victorian styles, with their combina- tion of textures, colors, and asym- metrical forms, is readily apparent from the exteriors of these buildings. Other buildings "are" interiors. The Cleveland Arcade, that soaring 19th century glass -covered shopping area, can only be appreciated from the inside. Other buildings in this category would be the great covered train sheds of the 19th century. In some cases the loss of an interior will disqualify properties from listing in the National Register —a historic concert hall noted for the beauty of its auditorium and its fine acoustic qualities would be the type of prop- erty that if it were to lose its interior, it would lose its value as a historic resource. In other cases, the over- arching significance of a property's exterior can overcome the adverse effect of the loss of an interior. In borderline cases particular attention is paid to the significance of the property and the remaining historic features. HISTORIC DISTRICTS For a district to retain integrity as a whole, the majority of the compo- nents that make up the district's historic character must possess integrity even if they are individually undistinguished. In addition, the relationships among the district's components must be substantially unchanged since the period of signifi- cance. When evaluating the impact of intrusions upon the district's integ- rity, take into consideration the relative number, size, scale, design, and location of the components that do not contribute to the significance. A district is not eligible if it contains so many alterations or new intrusions that it no longer conveys the sense of a historic environment. A component of a district cannot contribute to the significance if: • it has been substantially altered since the period of the district's significance or • it does not share the historic asso- ciations of the district. VISIBILITY OF PHYSICAL FEATURES Properties eligible under Criteria A, B, and C must not only retain their essential physical features, but the features must be visible enough to convey their significance. This means that even if a property is physically intact, its integrity is questionable if its significant features are concealed under modern construction. Archeo- logical properties are often the exception to this; by nature they usually do not require visible features to convey their significance. - 46 NON -HISTORIC EXTERIORS SUNKEN VESSELS RARE EXAMPLES OF A PROPERTY TYPE If the historic exterior building material is covered by non -historic material (such as modern siding), the property can still be eligible if the significant form, features, and detail- ing are not obscured. If a property's exterior is covered by a non -historic false -front or curtain wall, the prop- erty will not qualify under Criteria A, B, or C, because it does not retain the visual quality necessary to convey historic or architectural significance. Such a property also cannot be considered a contributing element in a historic district, because it does not add to the district's sense of time and place. If the false front, curtain watt, or non -historic siding is removed and the original building materials are intact, then the property's integrity can be re-evaluated. PROPERTY CONTAINED WITHIN ANOTHER PROPERTY Some properties contain an earlier structure that formed the nucleus for later construction. The exterior property, if not eligible in its own right, can qualify on the basis of the interior property only if the interior property can yield significant infor- mation about a specific construction technique or material, such as rammed earth or tabby. The interior property cannot be used as the basis for eligibility if it has been so altered that it no longer contains the features that could provide important infor- mation, or if the presence of impor- tant information cannot be demon- strated. A sunken vessel can be eligible under Criterion C as embodying the distinctive characteristics of a method of construction if it is structurally intact. A deteriorated sunken vessel, no longer structurally intact, can be eligible under Criterion D if the remains of either the vessel or its contents is capable of yielding signifi- cant information. For further infor- mation, refer to National Register Bulletin: Nominating Historic Vessels and Shipwrecks to the National Register of Historic Places. Natural Features A natural feature that is associated with a historic event or trend, such as a rock formation that served as a trail marker during westward expansion, must retain its historic appearance, unobscured by modern construction or landfill. Otherwise it is not eli- gible, even though it remains intact. COMPARING SIMILAR PROPERTIES For some properties, comparison with similar properties should be considered during the evaluation of integrity. Such comparison may be important in deciding what physical features are essential to properties of that type. In instances where it has not been determined what physical features a property must possess in order for it to reflect the significance of a historic context, comparison with similar properties should be under- taken during the evaluation of integ- rity. This situation arises when scholarly work has not been done on a particular property type or when surviving examples of a property type are extremely rare. (See Comparing Related Properties in Part V: How to Evaluate a Property within its Historic Context.) Comparative information is particularly important to consider when evaluating the integrity of a property that is a rare surviving example of its type. The property must have the essential physical features that enable it to convey its historic character or information. The rarity and poor condition, however, of other extant examples of the type may justify accepting a greater degree of alteration or fewer features, provided that enough of the property survives for it to be a significant resource. Eligible • A one -room schoolhouse that has had all original exterior siding replaced and a replace- ment roof that does not exactly replicate the original roof pro- file can be eligible if the other extant rare examples have re- ceived an even greater degree of alteration, such as the sub- division of the original one - room plan. Not Eligible • A mill site contains informa- tion on how site patterning re- flects historic functional re- quirements, but parts of the site have been destroyed. The site is not eligible for its infor- mation potential if a compari- son of other mill sites reveals more intact properties with complete information. 47 DETERMINING THE RELEVANT ASPECTS OF INTEGRITY Each type of property depends on certain aspects of integrity, more than others, to express its historic signifi- cance. Determining which of the aspects is most important to a particu- lar property requires an understand- ing of the property's significance and its essential physical features. CRITERIA A AND B A property important for associa- tion with an event, historical pattern, or person(s) ideally might retain some features of all seven aspects of integ- rity: location, design, setting, materi- als, workmanship, feeling, and association. Integrity of design and workmanship, however, might not be as important to the significance, and would not be relevant if the property were a site. A basic integrity test for a property associated with an important event or person is whether a historical contemporary would recognize the property as it exists today. For archeological sites that are eligible under Criteria A and B, the seven aspects of integrity can be applied in much the same way as they are to buildings, structures, or objects. It is important to note, however, that the site must have demonstrated its ability to convey its significance, as opposed to sites eligible under Crite- rion D where only the potential to yield information is required. Eligible A mid -19th century waterpowered mill important for its association with an area's industrial develop- ment is eligible if: • it is still on its original site (Location), and • the important features of its setting are intact (Setting); and • it retains most of its historic materials (Materials), and • it has the basic features expres- sive of its design and function, such as configuration, propor- tions, and window pattern (Design). Not Eligible A mid -19th century water - powered mill important for its association with an area's indus- trial development is not eligible if: • it has been moved (Location, Setting, Feeling, and Associa- tion), or • substantial amounts of new materials have been incorpo- rated (Materials, Workman- ship, and Feeling), or • it no longer retains basic de- sign features that convey its historic appearance or function (Design, Workman- ship, and Feeling). CRITERION C A property significant under Criterion C must retain those physi- cal features that characterize the type, period, or method of construction that the property represents. Retention of design, workmanship, and materials will usually be more important than location, setting, feeling, and associa- tion. Location and setting will be important, however, for those proper- ties whose design is a reflection of their immediate environment (such as designed landscapes and bridges). For archeological sites that are eligible under Criterion C, the seven aspects of integrity can be applied in much the same way as they are to buildings, structures, or objects. It is important to note, however, that the site must have demonstrated its ability to convey its significance, as opposed to sites eligible under Criterion D where only the potential to yield information is required. Eligible A 19th century wooden covered bridge, important for illustrating a construction type, is eligible if: • the essential features of its de- sign are intact, such as abut- ments, piers, roof configura- tion, and trusses (Design, Workmanship, and Feeling), and • most of the historic materials are present (Materials, Work- manship, and Feeling), and • evidence of the craft of wooden bridge technology re- mains, such as the form and assembly technique of the trusses (Workmanship). • Since the design of a bridge re- lates directly to its function as a transportation crossing, it is also important that the bridge still be situated over a water- way (Setting, Location, Feel- ing, and Association). Not Eligible For a 19th century wooden cov- ered bridge, important for its construction type, replacement of some materials of the flooring, siding, and roofing would not necessarily damage its integrity. Integrity would be lost, however, if: • the abutments, piers, or trusses were substantially altered (De- sign, Workmanship, and Feel- ing) or • considerable amounts of new materials were incorporated (Materials, Workmanship, and Feeling). • Because environment is a strong factor in the design of this property type, the bridge would also be ineligible if it no longer stood in a place that conveyed its function as a crossing (Setting, Location, Feeling, and Association). I CRITERION D For properties eligible under Criterion D, setting and feeling may not have direct bearing on the property's ability to yield important information. Evaluation of integrity probably will focus primarily on the location, design, materials, and perhaps workmanship. Eligible A multicomponent prehistoric site important for yielding data on changing subsistence patterns can be eligible if: • floral or faunal remains are found in clear association with cultural material (Materials and Association) and • the site exhibits stratigraphic separation of cultural compo- nents (Location). Not Eligible A multicomponent prehistoric site important for yielding data on changing subsistence patterns would not be eligible if: • floral or faunal remains were so badly decomposed as to make identification impossible (Materials), or • floral or faunal remains were disturbed in such a manner as to make their association with cultural remains ambiguous (Association), or • the site has lost its strati - graphic context due to subse- quent land alterations (Location). Eligible A lithic scatter site important for yielding data on lithic technology during the Late Archaic period can be eligible if: • the site contains lithic debitage, finished stone tools, hammerstones, or antler flakers (Material and Design), and • the site contains datable mate- rial (Association). Not Eligible A lithic scatter site important for yielding data on lithic technology during the Late Archaic period would not be eligible if: • the site contains natural de- posits of lithic materials that are impossible to distinguish from culturally modified lithic material (Design) or • the site does not contain any temporal diagnostic evidence that could link the site to the Late Archaic period (Associa- tion). 49 IX. SUMMARY OF THE NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION A property being nominated to the National Register may also merit consideration for potential designa- tion as a National Historic Landmark. Such consideration is dependent upon the stringent application of the following distinct set of criteria (found in the Code of Federal Regula- tions, Title 36, Part 65). NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS CRITERIA The quality of national significance is ascribed to districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess exceptional value or quality in illus- trating or interpreting the heritage of the United States in history, architec- ture, archeology, engineering, and culture and that possess a high degree of integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association, and: 1. That are associated with events that have made a significant con- tribution to, and are identified with, or that outstandingly repre- sent, the broad national patterns of United States history and from which an understanding and ap- preciation of those patterns may be gained; or 2. That are associated importantly with the lives of persons nation- ally significant in the history of the United States; or 3. That represent some great idea or ideal of the American people; or 4. That embody the distinguishing characteristics of an architectural type specimen exceptionally valuable for a study of a period, style or method of construction, or that represent a significant, distinctive and exceptional entity whose components may lack in- dividual distinction; or 5. That are composed of integral parts of the environment not suf- ficiently significant by reason of historical association or artistic merit to warrant individual rec- ognition but collectively compose an entity of exceptional historical or artistic significance, or out- standingly commemorate or il- lustrate a way of life or culture; or 6. That have yielded or may be likely to yield information of ma- jor scientific importance by re- vealing new cultures, or by shed- ding light upon periods of occu- pation over large areas of the United States. Such sites are those which have yielded, or which may reasonably be ex- pected to yield, data affecting theories, concepts and ideas to a major degree. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK EXCLUSIONS Ordinarily, cemeteries, birthplaces, graves of historical figures, properties owned by religious institutions or used for religious purposes, structures that have been moved from their original locations, reconstructed his- toric buildings and properties that have achieved significance within the past fifty years are not eligible for des- ignation. If such properties fall within the following categories they may, nevertheless, be found to qualify: 1. A religious property deriving its primary national significance from architectural or artistic dis- tinction or historical importance; or 2. A building or structure removed from its original location but which is nationally significant primarily for its architectural merit, or for association with per- sons or events of transcendent importance in the nation's his- tory and the association conse- quential; or 3. A site of a building or structure no longer standing but the per- son or event associated with it is of transcendent importance in the nations's history and the associa- tion consequential; or 50 4. A birthplace, grave or burial if it is of a historical figure of tran- scendent national significance and no other appropriate site, building, or structure directly as- sociated with the productive life of that person exists; or 5. A cemetery that derives its pri- mary national significance from graves of persons of transcendent importance, or from an exception- ally distinctive design or an ex- ceptionally significant event; or 6. A reconstructed building or en- semble of buildings of extraordi- nary national significance when accurately executed in a suitable environment and presented in a dignified manner as part of a res- toration master plan, and when no other buildings or structures with the same association have survived; or 7. A property primarily commemo- rative in intent if design, age, tra- dition, or symbolic value has in- vested it with its own national historical significance; or 8. A property achieving national significance within the past 50 years if it is of extraordinary na- tional importance. COMPARING THE NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS CRITERIA AND THE NATIONAL REGISTER CRITERIA In general, the instructions, for preparing a National Register nomina- tion and the guidelines stated in this bulletin for applying the National Register Criteria also apply to Land- mark nominations and the use of the Landmark criteria. While there are specific distinctions discussed below, Parts IV and V of this bulletin apply equally to National Register listings and Landmark nominations. That is, the categories of historic properties are defined the same way; historic com texts are identified similarly; and comparative evaluation is carried out on the same principles enumerated in Part V. There are some differences between National Register and National Historic Landmarks Criteria. The following is an explanation of how each Landmark Criterion compares with its National Register Criteria counterpart: CRITERION 1 This Criterion relates to National Register Criterion A. Both cover properties associated with events. The Landmark Criterion, however, requires that the events associated with the property be outstandingly represented by that property and that the property be related to the broad national patterns of U.S. history. Thus, the quality of the property to convey and interpret its meaning must be of a higher order and must relate to national themes rather than the narrower context of State or local themes. CRITERION 2 This Criterion relates to National Register Criterion B. Both cover properties associated with significant people. The Landmark Criterion differs in that it specifies that the association of a person to the property in question be an important one and that the person associated with the property be of national significance. CRITERION 3 This Criterion has no counterpart among the National Register Criteria. It is rarely, if ever, used alone. While not a landmark at present, the Liberty Bell is an object that might be consid- ered under this Criterion. The appli- cation of this Criterion obviously requires the most careful scrutiny and would apply only in rare instances involving ideas and ideals of the highest order. CRITERION 4 This Criterion relates to National Register Criterion C. Its intent is to qualify exceptionallyamportant works of architecture or collective elements of architecture extraordinarily signifi- cant as an ensemble, such as a historic district. Note that the language is more restrictive than that of the National Register Criterion in requir- ing that a candidate in architecture be "a specimen exceptionally valuable for the study of a period, style, or method of construction" rather than simply embodying distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of con- struction. With regard to historic districts, the Landmarks Criterion requires an entity that is distinctive and exceptional. Unlike National Register Criterion C, this Criterion will not qualify the works of a master, per se, but only such works which are exceptional or extraordinary. Artistic value is considered only in the context of history's judgement in order to avoid current conflicts of taste. CRITERION 5 This Criterion does not have a strict counterpart among the National Register Criteria. It may seem redun- dant of the latter part of Landmark Criterion 4. It is meant to cover collective entities such as Greenfield Village and historic districts like New Bedford, Massachusetts, which qualify for their collective association with a nationally significant event, move- ment, or broad pattern of national development. CRITERION 6 The National Register counterpart of this is Criterion D. Criterion 6 was developed specifically to recognize archeological sites. All such sites must address this Criterion. The following are the qualifications that distinguish this Criterion from its National Regis- ter counterpart: the information yielded or likely to be yielded must be of major scientific importance by revealing new cultures, or by shedding light upon periods of occupation over large areas of the United States. Such sites should be expected to yield data affecting theories, concepts, and ideas to a major degree. The data recovered or expected to be recovered must make a major contribution to the existing.corpus of information. Potentially recoverable data must be likely to revolutionize or substantially modify a major theme in history or prehistory, resolve a sub- stantial historical or anthropological debate, or close a serious gap in a major theme of U. S. history or prehis- tory. 51 EXCLUSIONS AND EXCEPTIONS TO THE EXCLUSIONS This section of the National His- toric Landmarks Criteria has its counterpart in the National Register's "Criteria Considerations." The most abundant difference between them is the addition of the qualifiers "na- tional," "exceptional," or "extraordi- nary" before the word significance. Other than this, the following are the most notable distinctions: EXCLUSION 2 Buildings moved from their original location, qualify only if one of two conditions are met: 1) the build- ing is nationally significant for architecture, or 2) the persons or events with which they are associated are of transcendent national signifi- cance and the association is conse- quential. Transcendent significance means an order of importance higher than that which would ordinarily qualify a person or event to be nationally significant. A consequential associa- tion is a relationship to a building that had an evident impact on events, rather than a connection that was incidental and passing. EXCLUSION 3 This pertains to the site of a struc- ture no longer standing. There is no counterpart to this exclusion in the National Register Criteria. In order for such a property to qualify for Landmark designation it must meet the second condition cited for Exclu- sion 2. EXCLUSION 4 This exclusion relates to Criteria Consideration C of the National Register Criteria. The only difference is that a burial place qualifies for Landmark designation only if, in addition to other factors, the person buried is of transcendent national importance. When evaluating properties at the national level for designation as a National Historic Landmark, please refer to the National Historic Land- marks outline, History and Prehistory in the National Park System and the National Historic Landmarks Program, 1987. (For more information about the National Historic Landmarks program, please write to Department of the Interior, National Park Service, National Historic Landmarks, 1849 C Street, NW, NC400, Washington, DC 20240.) ry X. GLOSSARY Associative Qualities - An aspect of a property's history that links it with historic events, activities, or persons. Code of Federal Regulations - Commonly referred to as "CFR." The part containing the National Register Criteria is usually referred to as 36 CFR 60, and is available from the National Park Service. CLG - Certified Local Government. Culture - A group of people linked together by shared values, beliefs, and historical associations, together with the group's social institutions and physical objects necessary to the operation of the institution. Cultural Resource - See Historic Resource. Evaluation - Process by which the significance and integrity of a historic property are judged and eligibility for National Register listing is determined. Historic Context - An organizing structure for interpreting history that groups information about historic properties that share a common theme, common geo- graphical area, and a common time period. The development of historic contexts is a foundation for decisions about the planning, identification, evaluation, registra- tion, and treatment of historic properties, based upon compara- tive historic significance. Historic Integrity - The unimpaired ability of a property to convey its historical significance. Historic Property - See Historic Resource. Historic Resource - Building, site, district, object, or structure evalu- ated as historically significant. Identification - Process through which information is gathered about historic properties. Listing - The formal entry of a prop- erty in the National Register of Historic Places. See also, Registra- tion. Nomination - Official recommenda- tion for listing a property in the National Register of Historic Places. Property Type - A grouping of properties defined by common physical and associative attributes. Registration - Process by which a historic property is documented and nominated or determined eligible for listing in the National Register. Research Design - A statement of proposed identification, documen- tation, investigation, or other treatment of a historic property that identifies the project's goals, methods and techniques, expected results, and the relationship of the expected results to other proposed activities or treatments. 53 XI. LIST OF NATIONAL REGISTER BULLETINS The Basics How to Apply National Register Criteria for Evaluation * Guidelines for Completing National Register of Historic Places Form Part A: How to Complete the National Register Form * Part B: How to Complete the National Register Multiple Property Documentation Form Researching a Historic Property * Property Types Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Historic Aids to Navigation Guidelines for Identifying, Evaluating and Registering America's Historic Battlefields Guidelines for Evaluating and Registering Historical Archeological Sites Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Historic Aviation Properties Guidelines for Evaluating and Registering Cemeteries and Burial Places How to Evaluate and Nominate Designed Historic Landscapes * Guidelines for Identifying, Evaluating and Registering Historic Mining Sites How to Apply National Register Criteria to Post Offices * Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Properties Associated with Significant Persons Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Properties That Have Achieved Significance Within the Last Fifty Years Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Rural Historic Landscapes * Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties Nominating Historic Vessels and Shipwrecks to the National Register of Historic Places Technical Assistance Defining Boundaries for National Register Properties* Guidelines for Local Surveys: A Basis for Preservation Planning How to Improve the Quality of Photographs for National Register Nominations National Register Casebook: Examples of Documentation * Using the UTM Grid System to Record Historic Sites To order these publications, write to: National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, 1849 C St., NC 400, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240, or e-mail at: nr_reference@nps.gov. Publications marked with an asterisk(*) are also available in electronic form at www.cr.nps.gov/nr. o U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 2005-717-J8S 54 NPS Form 10-900-b (March 1992) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form f OMB No. 1024-0018 This form is used for documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (National Register Bulletin 16B). Complete each item by entering the requested information. For additional space, use continuation sheets (Form 10-900-a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer to complete all items. ® New Submission ❑ Amended Submission A. Name of Multiple Property Listing South Mountain Battlefield[s] — September 14, 1862 theme, geographical area, The South Mountain Battlefield Landscape, September 14, 1862. C. Form Prepared By name/title Paige Phifer, field technician; Edie Wallace, historian; Paula S. Reed, PhD, Architectural Historian organization Paula S. Reed and Associates, Inc. Date March 14, 2008 street & number One West Franklin Street, Suite 300 telephone 301-739-2070 city or town Hagerstown state MD zip code 21740 D. Certification ns ure uesignateo aumority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this documentation form the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60 and the Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation. ('See continuation sheet for additional comments.) Signature of certifying official or Federal agency Date ..._............. - r .. uu ccapptvveu U)! me rvanonai register as a for listing in the National Register. Signature of the Keeper Date of Action USDI/NPS NR' ultiple Property Documentation Form page 2 South Mountain Battlefields] — September 14, 1862 Name of Multiple Property Listing Maryland State Table of Contents for Written Narrative Provide the following on continuation sheets. Cite the letter and the title before each section of the narrative. Assign page numbers according to the instructions for continuation sheets in How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (National Register Bulletin 16B). Fill in page numbers for each section in the space below. Page Numbers E. Statement of Historic Context 1-9 (If more than one historic context is documented, present them in sequential order.) F. Associated Property Types 10-11 (Provide description, significance, and registration requirements.) G. Geographical Data 12 H. Summary of Identification and Evaluation Methods 13-14 (Discuss the methods used in developing the multiple property listing.) I. Major Bibliographical References 15-17 (List major written works and primary location of additional documentation: State Historic Preservation Office, other State agency, Federal agency, local government, university, or other, specifying repository.) Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 470 et seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18.1 hours per response including the time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Project (1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) f y OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section E Page 1 E. Statement of Historic Context: South Mountain Battlefield[s] — September 14, 1862 Name of Property Frederick and Washington Counties, Maryland County and State The Battle of South Mountain took place on September 141h 1862, the opening salvo of four days of conflict and pursuit that culminated in the Battle of Antietam at Sharpsburg just eight miles west of the mountain. But the Civil War battles that took place during Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Maryland Campaign of 1862 did not take place in a vacuum. The campaign traversed the mountain and valley landscape of Frederick and Washington Counties in west -central Maryland that had developed over more than a century of settlement with significant agricultural and transportation improvements. Although not a planned battle, the battleground for the Battle of South Mountain was carefully chosen by Lee's generals for its rugged terrain, stonewall entrenchments, and a network of farm lanes and logging roads over which troops could be moved. More importantly, the primary Union approach routes were limited to the three narrow mountain gaps around which the battle ensued. Thus the far fewer Confederate defenders held the high ground over a severely constrained larger Union force. Lee's strategy on the mountain did slow the Union advance, giving him time to regroup at Sharpsburg. But the battle on the mountain came at a relatively high cost — over 2,000 casualties from each of the opposing forces, many buried where they lay on the mountainside until after the Civil War ended. Settlement and Agricultural Development in Frederick and Washington Counties Frederick and Washington Counties are located in west -central Maryland, separated by South Mountain, a northern extension of the Blue Ridge. South Mountain ranges in height from 1,000-1,500 feet, with a series of knolls separated by dips and gaps. Frederick County is part of the piedmont section of Maryland, while Washington County constitutes the lower section of the Cumberland Valley, a thirty -mile -wide limestone basin known for its productive agricultural soils. These two counties were settled during the second half of the 18th century although there were habitations in the region as early as the 1720s. Although the land was initially held by English entrepreneurs from eastern Maryland, the majority of settlers who actually lived in Frederick and Washington Counties were Germans who had migrated south from Pennsylvania. The area developed into a prime agricultural region with emphasis on the production of small grains. With grain farming dominating, related industries and transportation networks soon developed. Grist and flour milling were prevalent, as was distilling. Central Maryland along with south central Pennsylvania grew in importance as an agricultural region. In Maryland, Frederick and Washington Counties led the state in wheat and corn production throughout most of the 19th century. During the Civil War, the allure of the agricultural prosperity of region influenced Robert E. Lee's plan to invade Maryland in the late summer of 1862. The larger Mid- NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section E Page 2 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 South Mountain Battlefieldfs] — September 14, 1862 Name of Property Frederick and Washington Counties, Maryland County and State Atlantic region was the nation's bread basket until large-scale grain production in the Midwest overtook local production later in the 19th century. In addition to agricultural prosperity, Frederick and Washington Counties were also leaders in the production of iron in the 18th and early 19'h centuries. South Mountain was rich in iron ore deposits and several large scale iron manufactories were located on both sides of the mountain. Along with iron ore, the mountain supplied wood which was burned into charcoal to fire the iron furnaces. As a consequence, South Mountain and the other ridges in the counties were laced with a network of old roads used for logging, access to iron ore pits, and to charcoal burning stations. By the turn of the 19th century the region was known for its grain production. Grain was sold in bulk, or processed into flour and meal, or distilled into whiskey. These commodities were shipped to markets in Baltimore or Philadelphia. Shipping from central and western Maryland and the grain growing regions of Pennsylvania and the Shenandoah Valley was a problem, and hindered the growth and prosperity associated with grain production.. There was no inland water route to the farming areas, although navigation of the Potomac was marginally successful beginning in the 1780s and continued to the 1820s when it was replaced by the C&O Canal. Rail service did not develop until the 1830s, so highway transportation had to serve the freight hauling needs of the region. Maryland, therefore promoted turnpike development, although most of these toll routes were privately f ended. The output and growth in population in the western areas of Maryland encouraged construction and improvement of roads which were generally described as "miserable and worst in the union" in the late 18th century (Brugger 1985:153). Baltimore officials in 1787 laid out 20 -foot wide roads to Frederick, Reisterstown and York, Pennsylvania. However, it was private turnpike companies and in some cases mill owners who actually constructed the roads. In 1806 the Federal government began the construction of a highway that would lead to the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase lands comprising much of the central portion of the United States. The "National Road" began in Cumberland, Maryland following the old Braddock Road, a rough wagon track established by explorers and traders and improved by General Braddock on his 1753 march to Fort Duquesne. By 1818 the National Road reached Wheeling in Virginia (West Virginia) and later as far as Terre Haute, Indiana. The main wagon road connecting Baltimore to the National Road at Cumberland was a collection of privately owned and operated turnpike segments, eventually upgraded and consolidated to become part of the National Road system. The National Road, or National Pike, became one of the most heavily traveled east -west routes in America with traffic passing all hours of the day and night. Stagecoaches, freight wagons, herds of swine, geese and cattle headed to market along the road, as individual traffic passed along the pike. Taverns, inns and hotels were an important part of NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section E Page 3 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 South Mountain Battlefield[s] — September 14, 1862 Name of Property Frederick and Washington Counties, Maryland County and State the travel -generated economy. Also important were blacksmith shops, wagon shops, and leather and harness shops. With many of the early transportation issues solved during the first half of the 19th century, Frederick and Washington Counties prospered. Farming and agricultural processing industries dominated, along with the iron industry. Wheat and corn (referred to in agricultural census records as "Indian Corn") were the largest crops, with swine and sheep being the dominant livestock produced. This information comes from the 1850 agricultural census, which probably recorded conditions similar to those in 1840 and earlier. Other crops included rye, oats, potatoes, orchard fruit, and hay. Wool and butter were also frequently listed in the 1850 agricultural census. The agricultural census for 1860 is similar. The largest quantities of product were wheat and corn, with much smaller amounts of oats and rye. New listings appear for orchards and hay, although fruit trees and hay crops were grown in mid -Maryland since the 18111 century. In 1860 large amounts of butter were still being recorded. Both Frederick and Washington Counties grew in population in the first half of the 19111 century and not surprisingly many farms have building complexes that date from this 50 -year period. More substantially built houses of brick or stone and large bank barns reflect the agricultural prosperity of the region. F-4-122 Jonas Sheffer Farm; F-4-124 Kepler Farm; F-2- 097 G. Wipp Farm; F-4-141 Routzahn-Miller Farmstead (NR) Due to the fertile soils, most settlement in Frederick and Washington Counties occurred on the prime valley agricultural land or was clustered in towns and villages. F-2-096 Arnold Farm; F-2-10 Burkittsville Historic District (NR) Smaller farms and a few subsistence farms were located on the slopes of South Mountain. There the more humble log dwellings and smaller barns reflected the less productive soils of mountain farms. WA -II -1126 Wise Farmstead; F-4-045 Martin Warrenfeltz Log House; F-4-121 J. O'Neil Farm Along the busy National Pike segment from Frederick through Middletown and Boonsboro to Hagerstown, the route was lined with habitations and businesses to serve the traveling public. Taverns and road houses were located almost every mile or so, with one, the South Mountain House located at the summit of South Mountain. WA -II -001 Old South Mountain Inn; F-4-029 Beachley House (White House Inn) By the time of the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, the area was well established and intensively farmed. Farms were characterized by fields and boundaries marked with wood or stone fences, orchards and small herds of cattle, hogs and sheep, and flocks of chickens and geese. Carefully maintained woodlots supplied firewood, building materials and fencing. Demand for wood was great in the 19th century with the need for construction material and fuel. Most households consumed about 10 cords of wood per year for heating. Historic photographs affirm the massive consumption of wood, revealing a landscape at the time of the Civil War with fewer trees than today. • NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section E Page 4 South Mountain Battlefield[s] — September 14, 1862 Name of Property Frederick and Washington Counties, Maryland County and State It was this highly developed agricultural landscape of Frederick and Washington Counties, coupled with the system of roads and the topographical dividing line between the counties known as South Mountain, which set the stage for the Battle of South Mountain in the late summer of 1862. The Maryland Campaign of the Civil War, September 1862 Noted Civil War historian, Ted Alexander, described "The Battle of South Mountain" as "the name given to three separate actions fought on a seven mile front along the South Mountain range of western Maryland... the first major action of the Maryland Campaign of 1862 and ranks as the second largest Civil War battle fought in Maryland." (Alexander 1992) On September 4, 1862 General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, some 50,000 strong, waded across the Potomac River at White's Ferry and into Maryland for the first Confederate invasion of the North. On that Thursday, Lee led a collection of dirty, ill clothed, hungry and battle worn young men... General Lee himself acknowledged the truth of the matter: "The army is not properly equipped for an invasion of an enemy's territory." Having fought a major battle at Manassas less than a week before, the Southerners moved directly into their next campaign. Their numbers were small, particularly in view of the ambitious operations they were about to undertake north of the Potomac. (Jamieson 1995:13-14) Yet, the soldiers' spirits were high. They had scored a series of victories and had great hopes for their invasion of the North. For most of the past year, Virginia had absorbed the expense of the War, accommodating both the Union and Confederate armies. Agricultural stores and livestock were depleted and property ruined by combat and encampments, Lee hoped to relieve Virginia by moving the scene of the action to Maryland and eventually to Pennsylvania. He also expected to receive support from Confederate sympathizers in Maryland. Unfortunately for Lee, while there were many supporters of the Confederacy in Maryland, they tended to be concentrated in the southern and eastern parts of the state. General Lee also wanted to capitalize on the disarray of the Union Army and the lack of sound military leadership that had frustrated the Lincoln administration and the people of the North. By invading the north, he hoped to force a negotiated peace through public pressure on Congress. Additionally, if Lee could score a strong victory in the North, the Confederacy would likely gain support from Great Britain and France. So, while the stakes were NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) I/ A OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places South Mountain Batt d[s]—September14, 1862 1862 Continuation Sheet Name of Property Frederick and Washington Counties, Maryland Section E Page 5 County and State high, the Confederate Army was confident of its military ability and the time was right to press into Northern territory. Lee did not want to tarry long in Maryland, so as not to alienate its population which he hoped would support the Confederacy. His goal was to move on into Pennsylvania. First, however, it was necessary to gain control of the 11,000 -man Union garrison and arsenal at Harpers Ferry on the Potomac River in Virginia. Therefore, while his Army camped along the Monocacy River, southeast of Frederick, Lee issued his orders. In a bold and risky plan, Lee divided his army into three. First Lee sent General James Longstreet's command north to Hagerstown, in preparation for the invasion into Pennsylvania. Lee then instructed part of General D.H. Hill's division (less than 5,000 men) to wait at Boonsboro at the western foot of South Mountain to guard the rear of the army and two of the three passes over the mountain at Turner's and Fox's Gaps. Some of General Lafayette McLaws Division moved with parts of J.E.B. Stuart's Cavalry to guard the third pass at Crampton's Gap. Finally, the key to Lee's strategy, "Stonewall" Jackson led the remainder of the invasion force to capture the garrison at Harpers Ferry. Although Lee's plan to divide his already undersized army while in enemy territory was a great risk, he knew that the Union army was not organized. Leadership had just been placed back into the hands of General McClellan and Lee knew him to be an excellent organizer, but slow to move and overly cautious. Therefore, Lee felt that his gamble would pay off and that he would accomplish the capture of the garrison and have his army reunited and in or near Pennsylvania before the Union Army could react. Unfortunately for Lee, a copy of his operational plan, which set down the division of his army, was left behind when the Confederates vacated their campsite near Frederick. The plan, Special Orders No. 191, was in an envelope which also enclosed three cigars. Within a short time Federals occupied the same camp and found the cigars wrapped with Lee's orders. The information was quickly passed to General McClellan who saw the opportunity to take advantage of Lee's vulnerability and capture the divided Southern army. McClellan immediately put his forces — some 85,000 men — in motion to destroy the Confederates. However, McClellan thought that Lee's army outnumbered his and, as was his nature, moved slowly and cautiously. On Sunday morning September 14, 1862 the Union Army of the Potomac moved forward along the National Pike through Middletown toward South Mountain, not knowing exactly what they would find at its crest or on the other side. As the mass of Union forces gathered below him in the Middletown Valley, Confederate General D.H. Hill stood outside his headquarters at the South Mountain House (South Mountain Inn today) surveying the Army of the Potomac: "It was a grand and glorious spectacle, and it was impossible to look at it without admiration. I had never seen so tremendous an army before NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section E Page 6 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 South Mountain Battlefield[s] —September 14, 1862 Name of Property Frederick and Washington Counties, Maryland County and State and I did not see one like it afterward." Recalling the battle many years later Hill wrote: "I do not remember ever to have experienced a greater feeling of loneliness." (Battles and Leaders) Before long, Confederate artillery fire came from Turner's Gap, through which the National Pike passed, In the distance, other artillery fire could be heard as the Confederates fired on Harpers Ferry. The Union Army began action to take and hold the three passes over South Mountain. Major General Jesse Reno led the IX Corps at Fox's Gap; General Joseph Hooker led the I Corps into Turner's Gap and General William B. Franklin's VI Corps was to take Crampton's Gap. The mountain terrain defined the battle, "a sharply contested series of engagements," notes Civil War historian Perry Jamieson: The Confederates who defended South Mountain were not entrenched, but they held strong positions. Their attackers had to climb steep hillsides and make their way through ravines and the southerners also enjoyed the cover of woods, fences and stone walls. The federal advantage in numbers mounted during the day, but the Rebels waged a determined defense in the face of lengthening odds. (Jamieson 1995:36) Fox's Gap Fox's Gap was the pass through which General Braddock's road was laid in 1755, In 1792 the Sharpsburg Road was platted through the pass, leading from Swearingen's Ferry on the Potomac River near Sharpsburg to "Foxes Gap" (MD Archives). On September 14°', 1862 the first action of the battle began at Fox's Gap as the approaching Union forces attempted to swing around their main objective at Turner's Gap, about a mile to the north. The Battle began around 9:00 AM as Cox's Division of the IX Corps made contact with Confederate General Samuel Garland's thinly spread brigade. Outnumbered three to one, Garland's Brigade was eventually decimated and forced to retreat back toward Turner's Gap. General Garland was mortally wounded and taken to the South Mountain House, where he died. Despite the retreat of Garland's brigade, the Union assault lost momentum, and Cox did not pursue. Later in the day after the rest of the Ninth Corps arrived the attack was renewed, in concert with the I Corps attack at Turner's Gap, but the Confederates were now reinforced and fighting continued until late in the evening. About dusk, General Jesse Reno was mortally wounded. Much of the action occurred on both sides of the Old Sharpsburg Road (Reno Monument Road today) along Mountain or Ridge Road which ran along the crest of the mountain where the Confederates entrenched themselves behind the stone fences that lined the roads. At the mountaintop intersection of these roads was the small farm of Daniel Wise, improved with a one NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section E Page 7 South Mountain Battlefield[s] — September 14, 1862 Name of Property Frederick and Washington Counties, Maryland County and State and a half story log dwelling surrounded by a paling fence. The house became a haven for the wounded and the well a tomb for many. Confederate dead. Turner's Gap This gap, through which the National Pike passed over South Mountain, was the primary Union objective. Confederate General D.H. Hill, commander of the Division assigned to the defense of Turner's and Fox's Gap, was headquartered at the South Mountain House. General Burnside was placed in charge of the Union effort to secure Turner's Gap. Expecting the pass to be strongly defended, Burnside initiated flanking movements to the north and to the south of the National Pike. General Joseph Hooker's I Corps was selected to skirt to the north while General Jesse Reno's IX Corps was assigned the task of advancing from the south by way of the old Sharpsburg Road to Fox's Gap (see discussion above). The two corps split at Boliver crossroads. Hooker's First Corps was sent to the north to attack Hill on his left. In an effort to distract the enemy Burnside selected Brigadier General John Gibbon's "Black Hat Brigade" (later called the Iron Brigade) to approach Turner's Gap directly up the National Pike. As the initial action at Fox's Gap unfolded, Hooker's forces were still gathering. It was not until late afternoon on September 14t1 that the Union I Corps attacked in coordination with a renewed attack at Fox's Gap and a direct frontal attack up the National Pike by Gibbon's Black Hat Brigade. Hill's forces, which by this time had been reinforced by some of Longstreet's Corps, were able to hold out until late in the evening. However, General Lee, realizing that the position was ultimately untenable, ordered Hill to withdraw back to Boonsboro before the morning of September 15. Crampton's Gap Crampton's Gap, located about five miles south of Fox's Gap, was the pass for the old (ca. 1730) road that connected a segment of the Monocacy road to the Pack Horse Ford across the Potomac River near Sharpsburg. At Crampton's Gap General Franklin's Sixth Corps of about 12,000 men were opposed by about 1,000 Confederates from McLaws' and Stewart's commands. Franklin did not realize that the odds were so greatly in his favor and waited until afternoon on September l4t1 to attack. The small Confederate force held positions behind stone walls along Mountain Church Road as they watched Franklin's lengthy preparations for attack. By dusk he had successfully driven the Confederates off the mountain, but he chose not to pursue them into Pleasant Valley, where he could have interrupted and perhaps ended the Confederate siege on Harpers Ferry. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section E Page 8 The Aftermath of the Battle of South Mountain OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 South Mountain Battlefield[s] -- September 14, 1862 Name of Property Frederick and Washington Counties, Maryland County and State The Confederate action at South Mountain was successful in that it bought the time necessary for Lee's army to complete the capture of Harpers Ferry and regroup hurriedly at a place between 1-Iarpers Ferry and Hagerstown. That place was Sharpsburg, near the Antietam Creek and near the Potomac River where Lee could, if necessary, retreat back into Virginia. Even with the Confederate forces fully assembled, their total of 50-55,000 was far less than the Union's 85,000 men. The disaster of the loss of Lee's Special Order 191 near Frederick, which revealed to General McClellan Lee's daring plans, was mitigated by the slow and cautious movement of the Union Army. By the end of the day on September 14th, McClellan held all of the South Mountain passes. Had he been aggressive, he could have pressed on and attacked Lee's army while it was still divided, probably ending the Civil War in Maryland in 1862. Union losses for the day were 436 killed and 1,908 wounded, while Confederate casualties were around 2,000. "The Union high command was ecstatic about its accomplishment," wrote historian Dennis Frye, "For the first time, the feared Army of Northern Virginia had been forced to withdraw from the Battlefield." (Frye "South Mt. Battlefield" NR draft, 1986) To the Confederates, while they ultimately lost the ground atop South Mountain, they were victorious in that they saved the Confederate Army from almost certain disaster. This they did against overwhelming odds, given the number of Union forces they faced. The ambiguous outcome was summed up by Confederate Gen. D.H. Hill: If the battle of South Mountain was fought to prevent the advance of McClellan, i was a failure on the part of the Confederates. If it was fought to save Lee's trains and artillery, and to reunite his scattered forces, it was a Confederate success. (as cited in Frye NR draft 1986) In the aftermath of the battle that took place on South Mountain on September 14th 1862, the hardscrabble farms on the mountainside were littered with the bodies of dead and dieing men. The number of Union and Confederate soldiers buried in the area of Daniel Wise's cabin was nearly 200, The bodies of the Union dead were buried in long trenches. Capt. James Wren wrote in his diary entry of September 15, 1862: "...in a field to the left of this house was a long line of dead soldiers laying side by side," where the burial detail were "engaged in digging a long trench seven feet wide to bury them in..." (in Stotelmyer 1992:3-4). Most were identified by their mates who knew the dead as "brave comrades who stood in line with them" wrote Wren, "and now they were taking their position.in their last line." (Ibid) NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section E Page 9 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 South Mountain Battlefields] — September 14, 1862 Name of Property Frederick and Washington Counties, County and State The Confederate dead, left behind by their retreating army, were buried without ceremony and without identification. The infamous burial of 58 Confederate dead in Wise's well was described by Samuel Compton, 12" Ohio: The morning of the 16`h I strolled out to see them bury the Confederate dead. I saw but I never want to another sight. The squad I saw were armed with a pick and a canteen full of whiskey. The whiskey the most necessary of the two. The bodies had become so offensive that men could only endure it by being staggering drunk. To see men stagger up to corpeses and strike [with a hook] four or five times before they could get a hold.. .Then staggering as [the] very drunk will, they dragged the corpses to a 60 foot well and tumbled them in. (in Stotelmyer 1992:5) Most of the Rebel dead were buried where they lay across the mountainside. During an 1867 visit to South Mountain John Watts DePeyster saw the graves "from which the Spring and Winter rains have washed away the scanty earth and left the bones exposed." (in Stotelmyer 1992:34) In 1866 work began to remove the Union dead from their battlefield gravesites to the Antietam National Cemetery in Sharpsburg. But the Confederates remained until the summer of 1874 when the last were removed and reintered in the Washington Confederate Cemetery at Rose Hill Cemetery in Hagerstown, Maryland (Stotelmyer 1992:38). However, remains have been found on battlefields such as Antietam as recently as 1989 since the 1866-1874 reinterments, and the possibility of more undiscovered remains still exists today (Stotelmyer 1992:43-45). Archaeologically the possibility of human remains is there, however they would undoubtedly be disturbed. The infamous Wise's well, while presumably emptied of the 58 Confederate bodies in 1874, likely still remains intact below the modern surface at Fox's Gap and has the potential to yield information about those burials. NPS Form 10-900-a` OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section F Page 10 F. Associated Property Types: South Mountain Battlefeld[s]— September 14, 1862 Name of Property Frederick and Washington Counties, Maryland County and State The associated property type for the South Mountain Battlefield is district. In this case an historic district consists of a physically proximal group of cultural resources which were historically significant to the Battle of South Mountain or were part of the historic landscape on the day of the battle, September 14, 1862. Districts may include small villages, individual structures and buildings including houses (some of which were used as military headquarters or hospitals during the battle), taverns, domestic and agricultural outbuildings, cemeteries, roads, stone walls, and archeological sites. Approach and retreat routes used on September 14, 1862 are also considered contributing resources within the period of significance, limited to the day of the battle, Properties and sites associated with events on the day following the battle are not considered in the context of this Multiple Property Documentation. To be included as part of a district, properties must have maintained their mid- 19`h century visual integrity and villages should have retained features such as alleys and original lot configurations, older vegetation, and domestic outbuildings. Buildings should also have maintained their locations relative to the roads. Because people have continued to settle in the area since the Civil War, some changes are expected to have taken place, but districts must retain substantial visual integrity to the Civil War Period. The landscape of the district is expected be similar enough to its mid -19`h century appearance to allow one to envision the scene of the battle on South Mountain in September of 1862. Historic villages and individual properties will have experienced some post -Civil War alteration. As long as these changes express the historic appearance of the historic towns and the rural landscape, they will be considered contributing. Modern buildings and structures or any property not present during the battle will not be considered contributing. "Their presence will not generally remove the district from eligibility, unless the concentration of more recent elements is so great in comparison to the surrounding property that the district no longer retains integrity of location, setting, feeling, workmanship and association. In some instances, significant alterations may have occurred to buildings however, integrity of location, setting, and association still allow Criterion A to provide eligibility. Above -ground terrain and landscape should be reasonably visually intact, representing as closely as possible the 1862 period. Buildings should portray the period of Civil War occupation, and natural and man-made features should retain their basic 1862 configurations. Archeologically investigated sites should contain features and artifacts relating to the specialized activity of the site. Spatial pattering of features and or artifacts would be a pre -requisite. For purposes of high archeological potential, non -investigated sites should appear to have intact soils over a landscape which may approximate the 1862 land conditions. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section F Page 11 OMB Approval No, 1024-0018 South Mountain Battlefield[s] — September 14, 1862 Name of Property Frederick and Washington Counties, Maryland County and State Farmsteads, historic landscape features, and small scale elements such as stone fence alignments should remain largely intact, and possess integrity of design, materials and setting to the 1862 period. While some loss of integrity is inevitable, natural and man-made features should retain as nearly as possible their 1862 configurations. Collections of buildings in districts must as an entity retain integrity of design, location, setting, workmanship, feeling and association, to reflect the appearance of the property in the late summer of 1862. All contributing properties should predate the battle or be part of a cohesive whole that has association with the Battle of South Mountain. In general, buildings should retain original exterior materials and fenestration patterns. The association with military history may provide such significance that some loss of integrity to the property would not affect eligibility. To be considered contributing elements, historic roads and roads traces are expected to retain their integrity as well. Contributing roads must still be identifiable by visual examination of the terrain. The roads may or may not be functioning in their original capacity, for example, some of Ridge Road (MIHP #F-4-127) now functions as part of the Appalachian Trail, an extensive hiking trail. Roads which have been so altered that they no longer follow their original route across the landscape will not be considered contributing. However, roads which follow much of their original route but have been resurfaced or paved will be considered contributing. In the same manner, stone walls which retain their original linear paths across the landscape, but have experienced some shifting of individual stones over time will still be considered contributing. Significance: Districts nominated within this Multiple Property Documentation Form "South Mountain Battlefield[s] — September 14, 1862" are nationally significant under Criterion A in the area of military history, for their association with the Civil War Battle of South Mountain. The September 14 1862 Battle of South Mountain took place primarily around the three major road crossings of South Mountain at Turner's Gap (National Pike), Fox's Gap (Sharpsburg Road), and Crompton's Gap (Burkittsville Road). With the small Confederate force entrenched behind stone walls, fences, farm buildings, and the rough mountain terrain, the advancing Union Army of the Potomac under General McClellan was forced to approach the mountain gaps across exposed roads and cultivated fields. It was the mountain landscape that gave the 5,000 Confederates under General D.H. Hill the advantage, enough to hold off the Union advance and allow Jackson to take the Union garrison at Harpers Ferry. At the end of the one -day battle the Confederates retreated from South Mountain to regroup at Sharpsburg, setting the stage for the larger Battle of Antietam on September 17`h. Although technically a win for the North, it was a strategic victory for General Robert E. Lee. NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section G Page 12 G. Geographical Data: South Mountain Battlefield[sl — September 14, 1862 Name of Property Frederick and Washington Counties, Maryland County and State The geographical area covered by the Multiple Property Documentation Form "South Mountain Battlefield[s] — September 14, 1862" encompasses that part of the South Mountain Range in west -central Maryland over which the Battle of South Mountain took place on the day of September 14, 1862, including approach routes and staging areas. The boundary's most northern extent ends at the modern South Mountain crossing of Interstate Route 70. The southern extent of the boundary ends below the Brownsville Pass to include the trail route through the pass on both the eastern and western slopes and the southern extent of the village of Brownsville. The west slope of South Mountain down to State Route 67 and including the towns of Brownsville and Boonsboro on the Washington County side defines the western boundary. The east slope of the mountain on the Frederick County side down to Mt. Tabor Road and extending east along the Old National Pike (Alt. Rt. 40) corridor as far as Middletown, and southward from Middletown along the Burkittsville Road (State Route 17) Broad Run Road/Catholic Church Road to Gapland Road, including Burkittsville to the Brownsville Pass Road forms the east boundary of the geographical area. The extended general boundary is inclusive of Middletown and Boonsboro to include the "day -of' approach routes and staging areas of both the Union and Confederate forces. Specific districts to be included within this general boundary outline will be more closely defined by visual integrity and specific battle associations. Land included within the geographical area is currently owned by the State of Maryland Department of Natural Resources, South Mountain State Park, the National Park Service, and numerous private properties along the crest of South Mountain and on the eastern and western slopes. The area encompasses parts of both Frederick and Washington County, Maryland. District boundaries are defined by roads, topographic contour lines, natural drainages, as well as property lines of the State Park and other private lands. 4; NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section H Page 13 H. Summary Identification and Evaluation Methods: South Mountain Battlefield[s] —September 14, 1862 Name of Property Frederick and Washington Counties, Maryland County and State At the request of South Mountain Battlefield State Park, Paula S. Reed and Associates (PRA, Inc.) conducted a field inventory of properties with an emphasis on historic properties located within the South Mountain Battlefield. The Civil War Battle took place on South Mountain between Middletown and Boonsboro, Maryland on September 14, 1862. The historic survey which occurred between September 2007 and January 2008 identified 397 resources, 139 of which were associated with or present during the battle. The Battlefield boundaries encompass all military activity directly related to battle action which took place on the day of the battle and also includes staging areas used on that day leading up to actual fighting. The battlefield covers both publicly owned lands as well as private property. South Mountain State Park owns and manages a large portion of the battlefield. The National Park Service also retains some of the battlefield including a swath of land covering the Appalachian Trail which runs north -south through the entire battlefield. The rest of the property is portioned into large farms, small "farmettes", and small -acreage lots with single-family homes. PRA, Inc. researched previous survey work conducted on the battlefield to identify all known, related cultural resources in the area. Previous work included two archeological studies of the Wise Farm (Baker 2003) and (Petyk 2004). PRA, Inc. prepared a survey report of the South Mountain battlefield for Woodward -Clyde in May of 1998 (Woodward -Clyde 1998). Janet Davis (1992), Frederick County Historic Preservation Planner, conducted a survey of the Frederick County associated sites, available in the Frederick County Office of Preservation Planning. Al Preston of South Mountain State Park also provided important information about the battle and its related resources as well as information pertaining to land ownership. PRA, Inc. surveyor Paige Phifer drove all public roads within the battlefield boundaries counting and describing cultural resources within visual distance of the public right-of-way. Property descriptions included such information as construction materials, style, architectural details, setting, size, and an estimated date of construction. Information recorded sometimes included sketch maps as well, The surveyor also photographed several individual properties and photographed a representative sample of the landscape in various parts of the battlefield. The Historic Context associated with the South Mountain Battlefield relies specifically upon the events leading up to and on the day of the battle, September 14, 1862. But because the battle occurred on an already existing cultural landscape, the context also develops the history of the region that resulted in the agricultural and mountain landscape on which the battle took place. Primary sources consulted included county land and estate records, as well as soldier's accounts of the day of the battle and its aftermath. Secondary sources written on the Maryland Campaign and the South Mountain Battle provided the larger picture of the battle and troop movements. NPS Form 10-900-a Q, OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section H Page 14 South Mountain Battlefields] — September 14, 1862 Name of Property Frederick and Washington Counties, Maryland County and State Dennis Frye's 1979 National Register draft documentation for the South Mountain Battlefield was also consulted, Landscape, historic resources, and battle action determined the district property type for this Multiple Property Documentation. The Battle of South Mountain was fought in three separate but coordinated actions at Turner's Gap, Fox's Gap and Crampton's Gap. Historic resources tied to the battle are continuous from Turner's Gap at the north end of the battlefield tc Fox's Gap in the middle; these resources therefore form a battlefield district. There is a break in battle -related resources from Fox's Gap to about three miles to the south. Battle -related historic resources clustered around Crampton's Gap therefore form a separate battlefield district. Future research may determine other smaller districts associated with the South Mountain Battle that would fit the property type of this MPDF. Individual properties were determined to be contributing elements of the two districts based upon several factors including integrity. Integrity requirements were based upon knowledge of existing properties. The rural areas of Frederick and Washington Counties contain numerous small, pre -Civil War buildings however, few of them retain the integrity of setting of those contained within the South Mountain Battlefield. A few of these buildings have experienced an extreme amount of alteration to the point where their historic characteristics are no longer recognizable. Others have had less extensive modernization including new roofs and artificial siding. Those buildings with less extensive changes were considered to meet integrity requirements, especially those which still retained some or all of their associated outbuildings and surrounding farmland. The majority of contributing properties were small farms at the time of the Battle. Other contributing properties include large farms, taverns/inns, roads, fences, and sites of military action. NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section I Page 15 I. Major Bibliographical References: South Mountain Battlefield[s] -- September 14, Name of Property Frederick and Washington Counties, Maryland County and State Alexander, Ted. "Narrative of the Battle of South Mountain, September 14, 1862," Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Form, June, 1992. Baker, Joe. "A Gap in Time." Draft. IUP Archaeological Services, February, 2003. Civil War Sites Advisory Commission. Civil War Sites Study: South Mountain ABPP/NPS, 1996. . Frederick County Survey Files, Janet Davis, Division of Planning, Winchester Hall, Frederick, MD, Dept. of Natural Resources, Maryland Forest, Park and Wildlife Service. "Battle of South Mountain: Prelude to Antietam." Tour brochure, n.d. Frye, Dennis E. National Register draft nomination, South Mountain Battlefields, 1986. . "Stonewall Attacks! The Siege of Harpers Ferry," Blue & Gray Magazine, Vol. 6, no. 1. (Aug. - Sept. 1987). Frye, Susan W. and Dennis E. Frye. "Maryland Heights Archeological and Historical Study." National Park Service, 1989. Hartwig, Scott D. "My God! Be Careful' Morning Battle at Fox's Gap, September 14, 1862." Civil War Regiments, Mark A. Snell, ed. vol. 5, no. 3, 1997. Hill, Daniel Harvey. "The Battle of South Mountain or Boonsboro: Fighting for Time at Turner's and Fox's Gap." Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. Vol. II. New York, 1884- 1887. Hoke, Jacob, Historical Reminiscences of the War in and About Chambersburg. Chambersburg, PA: M.A. Foltz, 1884. Jamieson, Perry D. Death in September: The Maryland Campaign. Fort Worth: Ryan Place Publishers, 1995: Luvaas, Jay and Harold W. Nelson, eds. The U.S. Army War College Guide to the Battle of Antietam: The Maryland Campaign of 1862. Carlisle, PA: South Mountain Press, 1987. Middletown Valley Historical Society. "The Reno Memorial." 1981, reprinted 1991. Murfin, James V. The Gleam of Bayonets: The Battle of Antietam and the Maryland Campaign of 1862. New York and London: Thomas Yoseloff, 1865. NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 1 Page 16 South Mountain Battlefield[s] — September 14, 1862 Name of Property Frederick and Washington Counties, County and State Petyk, Richard. "A Phase I Archaeological Investigation for the Proposed Parking Lot Relocation at Fox Gap, Part of the South Mountain Battlefield, Washington County, Maryland." December, 2004. Preston, Al. "The Battle of South Mountain." Battlefield Journal, Vol. 1, Issue 2, August, 1997. Priest, John M. Before Antietam: The Battle for South Mountain. Shippensburg, PA: White Main Press, 1992. Reese, Timothy J. "Battles on South Mountain, September 14, 1862: Supplemental Guide to the Maryland State Park Service Self -Guided Tour Route." Burkittsville District Heritage Society, 1986. Roth, Dave, "The General's Tour of South Mountain." Blue & Gray Magazine, Dec -Jan, 1986- 87. Schildt, John W. Drums Along the Antietam. Parsons, WV: McClain Printing Co., 1972. The Ninth Corps at Antietam. Chewsville, MD: author, 1988. Roads to Antietam. Chewsville, MD: Antietam Publications, 1985. Sears, Stephen W. "Fire on the Mountain," Blue & Gray Magazine, December -January, 1987, Sears, Stephen W. Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam. New Haven and New York: Tuknor and Fields, 1983. Stotelmyer, Steven R. The Bivouacs of the Dead. Baltimore: Toomey Press, 1992. U.S. Army, "Maps of Frederick County, Maryland," 1861. United States War Department. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC: Gov't Printing Office, series 1, vol. 19, parts 1 and 2, 1880-1901. Woodward -Clyde. "South Mountain and Maryland Heights Battlefields: Historic Resources Survey." Gaithersburg, Maryland, May, 1998. Wren, Capt. James, Diary manuscript, Antietam National Battlefield Library. Maps Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Vol II, p.568. Bond, Isaac. Map of Frederick County, 1858, NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section I Page 17 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 South Mountain Battlefields] — September 14, 1862 Name of Property Frederick and Washington Counties, Maryland County and State Engineers Maps, 1862, National Register draft nomination, South Mountain Battlefields F -4-17- A, B, C, 1986. Sneden, Robert Knox. "Map of the position at Turner's Gap, South Mountain." 1862-1865. Library of Congress, Mss5: Sn237: 1 v. 3 p. 924 (Robert Knox Sneden Diary, Virginia Historical Society). "The Battle of Crampton's Gap: 5 miles south of Turner's Gap, South Mountain, Mf. September 14th 1862." Library of Congress, Mss5: 7 Sn237:1 p. 237 (Robert Knox Sneden Diary, Virginia Historical Society). U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers. "South Mountain showing the positions of the forces of the United States and the enemy..." 1872. Library of Congress, G3844.Bo35W5 1872 .U5 CW 258. (this map is also in The Official Military Atlas of the Civil War, Plate 27, Gramercy Books, New York, 1983) YLHIG nn111 1 1// 1 1l '_ II \I ffl IIIIU$ 1a f SOU Jl \1O1 N \1\' � i \ / 1 9 ` 1 1 F. I �NJfr � l Y f 1 - 1(11((1':5 oilI'lll lNj 11 l)\1 \'I1`.:i N.11✓- /^ : f _ �.cf n ,vnw u141N1 J11 1 ,. � AII SfA r uu'1 UI VNAC • I f / ��, i 1 II 1 I 5 1 I 1 4 // 1✓ �`: 1{ _ ll{f 1 I Wj. l: CEORGEE1M UtlLA11 C JI fS� It JkrM'^ I � e - l 1 d'r1 ✓ /� qr-2 r e Y1> 1 xo {:an�a s.. ! A♦ � n.. 1 - � iI r \\ .'..'. r i \ 1 J T !� a e V / 1 l�� C US. CY 4/7 // / '>;'KJL rL \ ( /� ) /7% NPS Form 10-900 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5/3112012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the information requested. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10-900a). Use a typewriter, word process, or computer, to complete all items. 1. Name of Property historic name Crampton's Gap Historic District other names/site number MIHP cM street & number Route 17; Gapland Rd; Mt. Church Rd; Brownsville Pass Rd; Townsend Rd. ❑ not for publication city or town Burkittsville/Brownsville ® vicinity state Maryland code MD county Frederick/Washington code 021/043 zip code 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this 0 nomination 0 request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property ❑ meets ❑ does not meet the National Register criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant ❑ nationally 0 statewide ❑ locally. (❑ See continuation sheet for additional comments.) Signature of certifying official/Title Date or Federal Agency or Tribal government In my opinion, the property ❑ meets ❑ does not meet the National Register criteria. (❑ See continuation sheet for additional comments.) Signature of commenting official/Title Date State or Federal agency or bureau ❑ entered in the National Register. ❑ See continuation sheet ❑ determined eligible for the National Register. ❑ See continuation sheet. ❑ determined not eligible for the National Register. ❑ removed from the National Register. ❑ other. (explain:) USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form Crampton's Gap Historic District Name of Property wwnersnip or rroperty category of Pro (Check as many boxes as apply) (Check only one box) N Private ❑ building(s) ❑ public -local N district N public -State ❑ site ❑ public -Federal ❑ structure ❑ object Name of related multiple property listing (Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing.) South Mountain Battlefield[s] — September 14, 1862 (Enter categories from instructions) DOMESTIC/single dwelling AGRICULTURE/SUBSISTENCE/outbuilding AGRICULTURE/SUBSISTENCE/agricultural field TRANSPORTATION/road-related (Enter categories from instructions) OTHER: Early to Mid -19d' Century Log OTHER: Early to Mid -19th Century Stone OTHER: Timber Frame Pennsylvania -type Barn Page 2 Frederick/Washington County, Maryland County and State Number of Resources within Property (Do not include previously listed resources in the count.) Contributing Noncontributing 28 135 buildings 1 2 sites 12 1] structures objects Total Number of contributing resources previously listed In the National Register Current Functions (Enter categories from Instructions) DOMESTIC/single dwelling AGRICULTURE/SUBSISTENCE/outbuilding AGRICULTURE/SUBSISTENCE/agricultural field TRANSPORTATION/road-related RECREATION AND CULTURE/outdoor recreation materials (Enter categories from instructions) foundation Walls wood roof Metal; asphalt Other Vinyl; aluminum; brick Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current condition of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form Page 3 Crampton's Gap Historic District Frederick/Washington County, Maryland Name of Property County and State 8. Statement of Significance Applicable National Register Criteria Areas of Significance (Mark "x' in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property (Enter categories from instructions) for National Register listing.) Military ® A Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history. ❑ B Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. ❑ C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses Period of Significance high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack September 14, 1862 individual distinction. ❑ D Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. Criteria Considerations Significant Dates (Mark "x" in all the boxes that apply.) Property is: September 14, 1862 ❑ A owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes. Significant Person ❑ B removed from its original location. (Complete if Criterion B is marked above) ❑ C a birthplace or grave. N/A ❑ D a cemetery. Cultural Affiliation ❑ E a reconstructed building, object, or structure. N/A ❑ F a commemorative property. ❑ G less than 50 years of age or achieved significance Architect/Builder within the past 50 years. N/A Narrative Statement of Significance ;Explain the significance of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) 9. Major Bibliographical References 3ibliography Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation sheets.) 'revious documentation on file (NPS): ❑ preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67) has been requested ❑ previously listed in the National Register ❑ previously determined eligible by the National Register ❑ designed a National Historic Landmark ❑ recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey Primary location of additional data: ® State Historic Preservation Office ❑ Other State agency ❑ Federal agency ❑ Local government ❑ University ❑ Other Name of repository: ❑ recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form Crampton's Gap Historic District Name of Property 10. Geographical Data Acreage of Property Approx.. 3494 acres UTM References (Place additional UTM references on a continuation sheet.) 1 18 j21711I81610I 141316161 212101 Zone Easting Northing 2 18 I2 17131115151 14131 6161 317IoI Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property on a continuation sheet.) Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected on a continuation sheet.) 11. Form Prepared By Frederick/Washington County, Maryland County and State 3 1 8 7 3 9 4 5 Zone Easting 411181 1 2 1 7 1 75 7 1 2 1 0 ® See continuation sheet name/title Paige Phifer, field technician; Edie Wallace, historian; Paula S. Reed, architectural historian organization Paula S. Reed & Associates, Inc. street & number I W. Franklin St., Suite 300 Page 4 1413 16151615101 Northing 4 1 3( 6 1 2 Ill 5 1 date March 14, 2008 (rev. 7/08) telephone 301-739-2070 city or town Hagerstown state Maryland zip code 21740 Continuation Sheets Maps with A USGS map (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location. A Sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources. Photographs Representative black and white photographs of the property. Additional items (Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items) (complete this item at the name various street & number city or town or state telephone zip code 'aperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for fisting or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance vith the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 470 et. seq.). A federal agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to espond to a collection of information unless it displays a valid OMB control number. Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18.1 hours per response including the time for reviewing nstructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form o Keeper, National Register of Historic Places. 1849 "C" Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20240, NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5/31/2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Crampton's Gap Historic District name of property Continuation Sheet Frederick/Washington County, Maryland Section number 7 Page 1 county and state Physical Description During the September 14, 1862 Battle of South Mountain the secondary push of Union troops took place over the road leading over the mountain at Crampton's Gap and the adjoining woodlots and fields. The collection of cultural resources associated with the Battle of South Mountain which occurred on September 14,. 1862. These resources are described on the attached Inventory Table and are designated as contributing or non-contributing to the September 14, 1862 period of significance as part of the Multiple Property Documentation Form "South Mountain Battlefield[s] — September 14, 1862." The Crampton's Gap Historic District is bounded on the west by the 800 foot contour line west of the crest of South Mountain. The west boundary is inclusive of the state park boundary. The district extends to the east where it is generally bounded by an unnamed tributary (west) of Broad Run. The district extends as far south as Ahalt Distillery Road. The boundary extends north to a point approximately %4 mile south of Locust Valley. The district is comprised of steep mountain terrain on the west and much more level valley/piedmont on the east side. There is a wide, relatively level area running down the center of the top of the mountain. Most of the steeper areas are heavily vegetated with trees such as hemlock, oak, hickory, and pine and once included an abundance of American chestnut (Baker 2003). Early farmers have long ago cleared the valley areas of natural vegetation for fire wood and for growing crops. The Crampton's Gap Historic District was predominately rural during the Civil War; the town of Burkittsville was the largest town in the area. In 1860, the Federal Census listed numerous farmers and trades people residing in "Burkittsville Post Office" area. The Crampton's Gap Historic District still remains largely rural today. Many of the farms, houses, and outbuildings are still scattered throughout the landscape, although, a few post -Civil War (mostly ranch -style) homes can be found in small pockets along some of the main roads. Buildings of this later era include wood frame houses with Gothic -Revival influences built soon after the close of the war, wood frame farmhouses from the late 18`h and early 191h century, and a few bungalows built in the 1910s and 1920s. Some more recent buildings (1950s to present) are also scattered throughout the area; these are primarily one-story ranch - style houses. Dwellings built prior to the Civil War primarily consist of small log houses with German siding and equally small domestic and agricultural outbuildings which include some very small bank barns, summer kitchens, smokehouses, springhouses, chicken houses, corn cribs, etc. These smaller houses are found predominately on the steep slopes of South Mountain, One can still see the contrast of these smaller subsistence farms as compared with larger scale farms reflected in the bigger buildings in the valley area just east of the mountain. Other houses in the Crampton's Gap Historic District include early to mid 19`h century two-story stone houses and two-story brick houses. One of the larger houses belonging to Martin Shafer (1606 Gapland/Huffer Road) served as Union General William B. Franklin's headquarters during the battle. The Resurrection German Reformed Church in Burkittsville USDI/NPS NRNP Registration Form Crampton's Gap Historic District Name of Property Section 7 Page 2 Frederick/Washington County, Maryland County and State as well as many houses in town served as hospitals for Union and Confederate wounded during the battle and for months afterward (Reese 1994). Outside of Burkittsville, commercial buildings were few in the area of South Mountain during the Civil War. The 1860 census of the area associated with the "Burkittsville Post Office" lists several people occupied in trades such as wagon makers, blacksmiths, cabinet makers, shoemakers, tailors, and merchants who presumably operated businesses within or very close to Burkittsville. Few buildings on the present South Mountain landscape are thought to have been commercial. None were noted in the Crampton's Gap Historic District during the current survey. Stone walls were also part of the South Mountain landscape. Farmers constructed the dry laid stone walls of local rock to delineate the boundaries of their fields and contain livestock, Both Confederate and Union soldiers used the walls for defense during the Battle of South Mountain, and the walls were important in the Confederates' hold of the mountain for the better part of the day. Many of these stone walls are still in place over much of the battlefield. Many of the present-day roads and paths traversing the Crampton's Gap Historic District landscape were in existence before the Battle of South Mountain. A few of the old roads are still unpaved or exist only as trails or traces through the woods, however, the majority of the roads have been paved and are currently in use. Most historic roads appear to closely follow their original routes across the battlefield landscape. Several dirt or gravel driveways have recently been added to provide access to new homes. Old road beds known to have been significant to the battle include: • Mountain Church Road and stone walls (F-2-99) • Gapland Road, from Burkittsville to summit (F-2-100) • Arnoldtown Road Burkittsville Road (State Route 17) Brownsville Pass Road There are no known archeological sites within the Crampton's Gap Historic District. The battlefield within the Crampton's Gap Historic District where Union General William Franklin and his VI Corps forced the retreat of heavily outnumbered Confederate forces, is considered a historic site. The Crampton's Gap Historic District includes 28 Contributing Buildings; 7 Contributing Structures; 1 Contributing Site; and 1 Contributing District (Burkittsville NR District, F-2-10); 135 Non-contributing Buildings; 12 Non-contributing Structures including the National Register -listed War Correspondents Memorial Arch, WA -II -117; and 2 Non-contributing Sites (cemeteries). See attached Resource Inventory Table for a full inventory of Contributing and Non-contributing resources within the Crampton's Gap Historic District. Integrity Although there are a large number of non-contributing resources within the district boundary, the visual landscape and significant contributing resources retain remarkable integrity to the September 14, 1862 appearance. Crampton's Gap Historic District possesses integrity of location. The District encompasses the area surrounding Crampton's Gap in which the advance of federal troops and fighting took place on September 14, 1862. The gap also possess integrity of setting: topographic features and vegetation are similar to the 1862 setting of South Mountain, The Crampton's Gap Historic District USDI/NPS NRNP Registration Form Crampton's Gap Historic District Name of Property Section 7 Page 3 Frederick/Washington County, Maryland County and State also retains the feeling and association of the historic battlefield. The area surrounding the gap is still largely rural and contains many wooded areas as well as numerous farms of various sizes which were present during the Civil War. Many of the roads present and used during the Battle of South Mountain still follow their historic routes. Many stone walls used by soldiers for defense during the battle still stand in their original alignments across the fields. NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5/31/2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page Summary of Significance OMB No. 1024-0018 Crampton's Gap Historic District name of property Frederick/Washington County, Maryland county and state The Crampton's Gap Historic District is eligible for the National Register under Criterion A in the area of military history. The District is significant for its association with the Battle of South Mountain, which took place on September 14`h 1862. The most southern point of fighting that day took place on the fields and roads leading up to Crampton's Gap near Burkittsville. Here, after hours of preparation, Union General William Franklin and his VI Corps forced the evening retreat of the heavily outnumbered Confederate forces. But Franklin's delay allowed the Confederate's at Harpers Ferry their victory and capture of the Union garrison there. The Battle of South Mountain was significant in that on September 14, 1862, only three days prior to the Battle of Antietam at nearby Sharpsburg, a small number of Confederates briefly held off Union troops in order for Lee's divided army to reassemble. The major day -long battle took place in response to the loss of Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Special Order 191, his command to split the Southern army in order to capture the Union garrison at Harper's Ferry and its supply of weapons and ammunition. The discovery of those orders prompted Union General George McClellan's uncharacteristic boldness in his pursuit of the Confederate Army on South Mountain. The period of significance, as established in the Multiple Property Documentation Form "South Mountain Battlefields) — September 14, 1862" is limited to the day of the battle, September 14, 1862. Therefore, only resources which were present on that day are considered contributing. Resource History General McClellan's orders to Major General William B. Franklin, commanding the 61h Corps of the Army of the Potomac, were to seize Crampton's Gap and when that was completed to continue on to Rohrersville on the west side of the mountain. There Franklin's forces were to take the crossroads community with the objective of cutting off, destroying or capturing McLaws' two divisions, thereby relieving the Harpers Ferry garrison (Sears 1987:12). When Franklin received his orders, he was some twelve miles east of Burkittsville, the small Frederick County village on the east side of South Mountain at Crampton's Gap. General Franklin set up his headquarters in the home of Dr. John D. Garrett southeast of the quiet village of Burkittsville. After several hours consumed in moving his corps to the base of the mountain, Franklin's force was shelled by Confederate guns placed on the Burkittsville Road (Gapland Road) and on the Brownsville Road just to the south. This shelling led Franklin to conclude that there was a sizable Confederate force defending the pass: The enemy was strongly posted on both sides of the road, which made a steep ascent through a narrow defile, wooded on both sides, and offering great advantagesof cover and position. Their advance was posted near the base of the mountain, in the rear of a stone wall, stretching to the right of the road at a point where the ascent was gradual, and for the USDI/NPS NRNP Registration Form Crampton's Gap Historic District Name of Property Section 8 Page 2 Frederick/Washington County, Maryland County and State most part over open fields. Eight guns had been stationed on the road, and at points on the sides and summit of the mountain to the left of the pass. (in Luvaas & Nelson 1987:77) In fact, the Confederate defense consisted of about 1,000 men tinder the direction of Colonel Thomas T. Munford and Colonel Parham, while Franklin's two divisions totaled 12,300 men (Sears 1987:14). The Union advance against the Confederates at Crampton's Gap took place primarily to the north and west of Burkittsville. Facing the Confederate defensive line behind the stone walls of Mountain Church Road, the Union forces used the open fields to the east to build up for a direct assault. The Wipp farm and adjoining Miller farm (see 1858 Bond map) served as the staging area for General Henry Slocum's Division of the VI Corps. Colonel Joseph J. Bartlett's Brigade, straddling the Wipp Farm formed the right flank of the Federal line; Newton's Brigade formed the center covering the Miller Farm fields; and Torbert's Brigades were on the left bordering the Burkittsville Road (see Plate 27, Official Military Atlas). Recalled Colonel Joseph J. Bartlett: "It being decided that the attack should be made on the right and flank of the road leading over the mountains [Gapland Rd.], I was ordered to lead the column.. .to a large field near its base, where the column of attack was to be formed..." (in Luvaas & Nelson 1987:79). Franklin placed the First Maryland Battery "on the left and to the rear of the village," and "Smith's division was placed in reserve on the east side of the village... Captain Ayres' battery, of this division, was posted on a commanding ground to the left of the reserves..." (Ibid:77) After a three hour delay, a result of General Franklin's indecision, Slocum sent his men on their charge (Sears 1983:147). Bartlett continued: "A moment's consultation with Colonel Torbert decided its to make the charge immediately at a double-quick...the command given to `Charge,' and our whole line advanced with cheers, rushing over the intervening space to the stone wall and routing the enemy." (in Luvaas & Nelson 1987: 79-80) With the Confederate line along Mountain Church Road thus engaged by Slocum's Division, General Franklin "...directed General Brooks' brigade, of Smith's division, to advance upon the left of the road [Gapland Rd.], and dislodge the enemy from the woods upon Slocum's flank."(O.R., XIX, Pt I, p. 374) Brooks' Brigade moved out across the fields of the Arnold Farm where the Vermont regiments first met resistance at the stone wall marking the western edge of that farm at the Burkittsville Road. As Slocum's forces took the wall on Mountain Church Road, Brooks' Brigade advanced up the Burkittsville Road completing the rout. Confederate General Paul Semmes was at that moment coming up the road to Crampton's Gap on the west side of the mountain when he "encountered fugitives from the battle -field.., the troops were met pouring down the road and through the wood, in great disorder..." (in Luvaas & Nelson 1987:81) Semmes reformed the line at the Brownsville Gap a mile to the south, but "the enemy made no further advance." (Ibid) The sweep across the fields below the gap was successful; within hours Crampton's Gap belonged to the Federals. But Franklin's orders were not entirely fulfilled. Commanding General George B. McClellan's objective of freeing Harpers Ferry from the grip of the Confederates was postponed by Franklin at the crest of the gap, sealing the fate of the Union garrison at Harpers Ferry, and setting the stage for the September 17th battle at Sharpsburg across the Antietam Creek. NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 5/31/2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Frederick/Washington County,Maryland Section number 9 Page I county and state Major Bibliographic References Frye, Dennis E. National Register draft nomination, South Mountain Battlefields, 1986. Luvaas, Jay and Harold W. Nelson, eds. The U.S. Army War College Guide to the Battle of Antietam: The Maryland Campaign of 1862. Carlisle, PA: South Mountain Press, 1987. OMB No. 1024-0018 Crampton's Gap Historic District name of property Reese, Timothy J. "Letters from the Battlefield: Crampton's Gap, September 14, 1862." South Mountain Heritage Society, Maryland, 1994. Sears, Stephen W. "Fire on the Mountain," Blue and Gray Magazine December -January, 1987. Sears, Stephen W. Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam, New Haven and New York: Tuknor and Fields, 1983. U.S. Army, "Maps of Frederick County, Maryland," 1861. United States War Department. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Washington, DC: Gov't Printing Office, series 1, vol. 19, parts 1 and 2, 1880-1901. Woodward -Clyde. South Mountain and Maryland Heights Battlefields: Historic Resources Survey, Gaithersburg, Maryland, May, 1998. Maps Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Vol II, p.568. Bond, Isaac. Map of Frederick County, 1858. Engineers Map, 1862, National Register draft nomination, South Mountain Battlefields F -4-17-A, 1986. Sneden, Robert Knox. "The Battle of Crampton's Gap: 5 miles south of Turner's Gap, South Mountain, Mf. September 14`h 1862." Library of Congress, Mss5: 7 Sn237:1 p. 237 (Robert Knox Sneden Diary, Virginia Historical Society). U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers. "South Mountain showing the positions of the forces of the United States and the enemy..." 1872. Library of Congress, G3844.Bo35W5 1872 .U5 CW 258. (this map is also in The Official Military Atlas of the Civil War, Plate 27, Gramercy Books, New York, 1983) NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 513112012) OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of. Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 10 Page 1 Verbal Boundary Description Crampton's Gap Historic District name of property Frederick/Washington County, Maryland county and state This district covers an area of West Central Maryland in the Blue Ridge Mountain Range known as South Mountain. The boundaries which include cultural resources present during the military action surrounding Crampton's Gap during the Civil War Battle of South Mountain. The boundaries are depicted on District Boundary Map Number I and District Boundary Map Number 2. The boundary includes land belonging to South Mountain State Park, the National Park Service, and numerous private properties along the crest of South Mountain and on the eastern and western slopes. The area includes portions of both Frederick and Washington County, Maryland. Boundary Justification Boundaries were defined by the use of roads, topographic contour lines, natural drainages, as well as property lines of the State Park and other private lands. They include locations of significant events which took place during the Battle of South Mountain on September 14, 1862, as shown on the attached historic battle maps: "Battle -Fields of South Mountain," Sept. 14, 1862, Army Corps of Topographical Engineers (Official Atlas, Plate 27), and "Battle of Crampton's Gap," Sept. 14, 1862 (from the Robert Knox Diary, LOC digital collection). The boundary also incorporates the Burkittsville National Register Historic District. UTMs Continued: Zone 18 5. E 275000 N 4362120 6. E 273370 N 4361890 E 272690 N 4361850 8. E 271260 N 4361930 C) o c E N 0u 4 O z y ^ .O O C UO o u a ci G pa O 0 bq I.. 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RESOURCE VIEW/ DIRECTION DATE OF PHOTO flI Cram tons Gap at Townsend Monument East Nov. 2007 2 6019 Gapland Road Northeast Nov. 2007 3 6000B Gapland Road West Nov. 2007 4 Mountain Church Road Landscape North Nov: 2007 5 6229 A and B Mountain Church Road East Nov. 2007 6 Wipp Farm, Mountain Church Road Northeast Nov. 2007 7 Widow Tritt House, Mountain Church Road Southwest Nov. 2007 8 1038 Arnoldtown Road North Dec. 2007 9 5526 Burkittsville Road North Jan. 2008 10 Burkittsville Road Landscape Northeast Jan. 2008 11 5723 Burkittsville Road Southeast Jan. 2008 Photographer: Paige Phifer of Paula S. Reed and Associates I) N')\W Ma' umber 2: District Boundary z Battle of South Mountain Multiple Property Nomination r \ ci Crampton's Gap District ) Middletown, MD 7.5' Quadrangle J Scale= 1:24,000 MIHP #F-4-017 A CD i %C\� . 'l � 3�J /DISTRICTBOUNDARY / \l k*$sue \2±' �\ I iv 300-' \ ^ U \ ! o\ .. 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Aug. 2002) (Expires Jan. 2005) t United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each item by marking "x' in the appropriate box or by entering the information requested. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10-90oa). Use a typewriter, word process, or computer, to complete all items. 1. Name of Propeity historic name Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District other names/site number MIHP #F -4-017-C (Turner's Gap); MIHP #F-4-0 17-B (Fox's Gap) 2. Location street & number U. S. 40-A, and Reno Monument, Dahlgren, Frostown, Mt. Tabor, and Moser Roads ❑ not for publication city or town Middletown/Boonsboro state Maryland code MD county Frederick/Washington code zip code 3. State/Federal Agency Certification ® vicinity As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this ❑ nomination ❑ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property ❑ meets ❑ does not meet the National Register criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant ❑ nationally ❑ statewide ❑ locally. (❑ See continuation sheet for additional comments.) Signature of certifying official/Title Date State or Federal Agency or Tribal government In my Signature of commenting official/Title Date State or Federal agency or bureau uate or Action ❑ entered in the National Register. ❑ See continuation sheet ❑ determined eligible for the National Register. ❑ See continuation sheet. ❑ determined not eligible for the National Register. 0 removed from the National Register. 0 other, (explain:) USDI/NPS NRHt`P Registration Form Page 2 Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District Name of Property uwnersnip or troperty Category of Property (Check as many boxes as apply) (Check only one box) N private ❑ building(s) ❑ public -local N district N public -State ❑ site ❑ public -Federal ❑ structure ❑ object Name of related multiple property listing (Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing.) South Mountain Battlefields] — September 14, or rnstunc rmwtruns (Enter categories from instructions) DOMESTIC/single dwelling AGRICULTURE/SUBSISTENCE/outbuilding AGRICULTURE/SUBSISTENCE/agricultural field TRANSPORTATION/road-related Frederick/Washington County, Maryland County and State Number of Resources within Property (Do not include previously listed resources in the count.) Contributing Noncontributing 78 191 buildings 4 0 sites 32 22 structures 0 3 objects 114 216 Total Number of contributing resources previously listed In the National Register Current Functions (Enter categories from instructions) DOMESTIC/single dwelling AGRICULTURE/SUBSISTENCE/outbuilding AGRICULTURE/SUBSISTENCE/agricultural field TRANSPORTATION/road-related RECREATION AND CULTURE/outdoor recreation r. uescnptron Architectural Classification Materials (Enter categories from Instructions) - (Enter categories from Instructions) OTHER: Early to Mid -19" Century Log foundation OTHER: Early to Mid -19th Century Stone Walls W OTHER: Timber Frame Pennsylvania -type Barn roof Metal; asphalt Other Vinyl; aluminum; brick Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current condition of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) ('" USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District Name of Property (Mark "x" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing.) Frederick/Washington County, Maryland County and State Areas OT StgmTlcance (Enter categories from instructions) Page 3 ® A Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history. ❑ B Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. ❑ C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses Period of Significance high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack September 14, 1862 individual distinction. ❑ D Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. Criteria Considerations Significant Dates (Mark "x" in all the boxes that apply.) Property is: September 14, 1862 ❑ A owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes. Significant Person ❑ B removed from its original location. (Complete if criterion B is marked above) ❑ C a birthplace or grave. N/A ❑ D a cemetery. Cultural Affiliation ❑ E a reconstructed building, object, or structure. N/A ❑ F a commemorative property. ❑ G less than 50 years of age or achieved significance Architect/Builder within the past 50 years. N/A Narrative Statement of Significance Explain the significance of theproperty on one or more continuation sheets.) ). Malor Biblionranhical References 3ibliography Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation sheets 'revious documentation on file (NPS): ❑ preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67) has been requested ❑ previously listed in the National Register ❑ previously determined eligible by the National Register ❑ designed a National Historic Landmark ❑ recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey ❑ recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # Primary location of additional data: Z State Historic Preservation Office ❑ Other State agency ❑ Federal agency ❑ Local government ❑ University ❑ Other Name of repository: �r USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form Page 4 Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District Frederick/Washington County, Maryland Name of Property County and State 10. Geographical Data Acreage of Property Approx. 2739 acres UTM References (Place additional UTM references on a continuation sheet.) 1 1 8 2 17 1 3 16 1 5 1 0 1 14 1 3 17 1 3 15 1 3 1 0 Zone Easting Northing 2 I i8 1 2 1 7 1 4 1 7 i .1 10 I 14 1 3 171 5 I 0 I 0 I 0 I Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property on a continuation sheet.) Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected on a continuation sheet.) 3 I I8 2 7 I5 I 3 0 Zone Easting 4 I 8 1 2 1 7 1 6 1 2 1 0 I 0 I See continuation sheet 4 1 3 17 1 5 1 3 1 0 1 0) Northing 1 4 1 3 1 7 1 5 1 2 1 7 I n I 11. Form Prepared By name/title Paige Phifer, field technician; Edie Wallace, historian; Paula S. Reed, architectural historian organization Paula S. Reed & Associates, Inc. date March 14, 2008 (rev. 7/08) street & number I W. Franklin St., Suite 300 telephone 301-739-2070 city or town Hagerstown state Maryland zip code 21740 Continuation Sheets Maps A USGS map (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location. A Sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources. Photographs Representative black and white photographs of the property. Additional items (Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items) Property Owner (Complete this item at the request of SHPO or FPO.) name street & number city or town state telephone zip code Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for fisting or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance Nith the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 470 at. seq.). A federal agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to 'espond to a collection of information unless it displays a valid OMB control number. Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18.1 hours per response including the time for reviewing nstructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form o Keeper, National Register of Historic Places, 1849 "C" Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20240. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 7 Page 1 Physical Description Turner's and Fox's name o OMB No. 1024-0018 Sap Historic District property Frederick/Washington County, Maryland county and state During the September 14, 1862 Battle of South Mountain the primary push of Union troops took place over the roads leading over the mountain at Turner's Gap and Fox's Gap and the adjoining woodlots and fields. The collection of cultural resources associated with the Battle of South Mountain here form the Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District/ These resources are described on the attached Inventory Table and are designated as contributing or non-contributing to the September 14, 1862 period of significance as part of the Multiple Property Submission entitled "South Mountain Battlefield[s] — September 14, 1862." The Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District extends from just south of the Washington Monument, along the central ridge of South Mountain, to about'/4 mile south of Fox's Gap on Reno Monument Road. On the West it is bounded by the historic Moser Road and the more modern Monument Road. The Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District extends east from there to Mount Tabor Road which runs through the historic towns of Bolivar and Frostown. The district is comprised of steep mountain terrain on the west and much more level valley/piedmont on the east side. There is a wide, relatively level area running down the center of the top of the mountain. Most of the steeper areas are heavily vegetated with trees such as hemlock, oak, hickory, and pine and once included an abundance of American chestnut (Baker 2003). Early farmers long ago cleared the valley areas of natural vegetation for fire wood and for growing crops. The Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District was entirely rural during the Civil War with only a few very small villages such as Bolivar which was essentially a handful of houses, one of which was the post office. The area has always been largely agricultural and residential, and still remains largely rural today. Many of the farms, houses, and outbuildings are still scattered throughout the landscape, although, a fair number of post -Civil War homes can be found in small pockets along some of the main roads. Buildings of this later era include wood frame houses with Gothic -Revival influences built soon after the close of the war, wood frame farmhouses from the late 19'h and early 20th century, and a few bungalows built in the 191 Os and 1920s. Some more recent buildings (1950s to present) are also scattered throughout the area; these are primarily one-story ranch -style houses. Dwellings built prior to the Civil War primarily consist of small log houses with German siding and equally small domestic and agricultural outbuildings which include some very small bank barns, summer kitchens, smokehouses, springhouses, chicken houses, corn cribs, etc. These smaller houses are found predominately on the steep slopes of South Mountain. One can still see the contrast of these smaller subsistence farms as compared with larger scale farms reflected in the bigger buildings in the valley area just east of the mountain. Other houses in the Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District include early to mid 19`11 century two-story stone houses and two-story brick houses. Several of the larger houses were used as military headquarters during the battle and some were used as hospitals during and immediately following the battle. USDI/NPS NRNP Registration Form Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District Name of Property Section 7 Page 2 Frederick/Washington County, Maryland County and State Commercial buildings were few in the area of South Mountain, particularly in the Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District during the Civil War. Two commercial establishments which were part of the landscape of the Battle of South Mountain, still stand along the west side of Old National Pike, Old South Mountain Inn (WA -II -0001) and the Beachley House/White House Inn (F-4-029) were two-story stone and stucco buildings which served as inns or taverns. Both places provided room and board for travelers along the pike through much of the 19"' century tip until at least the time of the Civil War. The Mountain House Inn (Old South Mountain Inn) also served as the battle headquarters for Confederate General D. H. Hill, commander of Lee's rear guard. Union troops used the White House Inn for a hospital immediately after the battle. Stone walls were also part of the Civil War -era landscape of South Mountain, Farmers had for decades constructed the dry laid stone walls of local rock to delineate the boundaries of their fields and contain livestock. Both Confederate and Union soldiers used the walls for defense during the Battle of South Mountain, and the walls were important in the Confederates' hold of the mountain for the better part of the day. Many of these stone walls are still in place over much of the battlefield. In the Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District, Colquitt's Wall (F-4-130) adjoining the National Pike at Turner's Gap was a key defensive position for General Colquitt and some Georgia brigade skirmishers in their stand against Union General John Gibbon's "Black Hat" or "Iron Brigade" advancing from the east. Many of the present-day roads and paths traversing the Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District landscape were in existence before the Battle of South Mountain. A few of the old roads are still dirt roads or exist only as trails or traces through the woods, however, the majority of the roads have been paved and are currently in use. Most historic roads appear to closely follow their original routes across the battlefield landscape. New roadways include Monument Road which leads from Alternate 40/Old National Pike to the Washington Monument State Park Office and several dirt or gravel driveways which have recently been added to provide access to new homes. Old road beds known to have been significant to the battle include: • the Old National Pike (F-4-123) which passed through Turner's Gap, • Ridge Road/Mountain Road (F-4-127) which ran north -south along the crest of South Mountain, • Old Hagerstown/Frostown Road (Dahlgren Road) • Frostown Road • Old Sharpsburg/Reno Monument Road • Mount Tabor Road • Loop Road A few historic sites within the battlefield are areas known to contain buried cultural resources including Mount Tabor Lutheran Cemetery and the Wise Farm. The Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District is considered two historic battlefield sites within one contiguous district. The Turner's and. Fox's Gap Historic District includes 78 Contributing Buildings; 32 Contributing Structures; 4 Contributing Sites; 189 Non-contributing Buildings; 21 Non-contributing Structures; and 3 Non-contributing Objects [the monuments]. See attached Inventory Table for a full inventory of Contributing and Non-contributing resources within the Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District. Four properties within the Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District are already listed on the National Register including the Routzhan-Miller Farmstead (F-4-141), two Old National Pike Milestones (F-4-75 and F-4-76), and the Reno Monument (WA -II -118). USDI/NPS NRNP Registration Form? Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District Name of Property Section 7 Page 3 Frederick/Washington County. Maryland County and State Integrity Although there are a large number of non-contributing resources within the district boundary, the visual landscape and significant contributing resources retain remarkable integrity to the September 14, 1862 appearance. The District encompasses the area of both Turner's and Fox's Gaps in which the advance of federal troops and fighting took place on September 14, 1862. The gaps also possess integrity of setting: topographic features and vegetation are similar to the 1862 setting of South Mountain making it clear how terrain would have affected battle strategy. The Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District retains the feeling and association of the historic battlefield. The area surrounding both gaps is still largely rural and contains many wooded areas as well as numerous farms of various sizes which were present during the Civil War. Most of the present roads which were used during the Battle of South Mountain still follow their historic routes. Many stone walls used by soldiers for defense during the battle still stand in their original alignments across the fields. NPS Form 10-900-a Cl (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page Summary of Significance OMB No. 1024-0018 Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District name of property Frederick/Washington County,Maryland county and state The Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District is eligible for the National Register under Criterion A in the area of military history. The District is significant for its association with the Battle of South Mountain, which took place on September 14th 1862. The primary Union push against the entrenched, but smaller, Confederate forces wound its way up South Mountain at Turner's Gap along the National Pike and at Fox's Gap to the south along the old Sharpsburg Road (today Reno Monument Road). The Battle of South Mountain was significant in that on September 14, 1862, only three days prior to the Battle of Antietam at nearby Sharpsburg, a small number of Confederates briefly held off Union troops in order for Lee's divided army to reassemble. The major day -long battle took place in response to the loss of Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Special Order 191, his command to split the Southern army in order to capture the Union garrison at Harper's Ferry. The discovery of those orders prompted Union General George McClellan's uncharacteristic boldness in his pursuit of the Confederate Army on South Mountain, The period of significance, as established in the Multiple Property Documentation Form "South Mountain Battlefield[s) — September 14, 1862" is limited to the day of the battle, September 14, 1862. Therefore, only resources which were present on that day are considered contributing. Resource History U. S. A. General Alfred Pleasonton's Cavalry were the first Union troops to approach South Mountain by the National Pike on September 13, 1862. Jacob D. Cox's Kanawha Division was in Middletown to serve as support for the cavalry (Murfin 1965:162). Brigadier General Cox reported, "At 6 o'clock in the morning of September 141h the division marched from Middletown under an order... from Major -General Reno, directing me to support.. .the advance of General Pleasanton, who, with his brigade of cavalry and artillery, was moving up the Hagerstown turnpike toward the positions of the enemy in the pass of South Mountain." (in Luvaas & Nelson 1987:16) Here the famous warning "My God, be careful" from Colonel Moore, who had been paroled by the Confederates, convinced Cox that a greater force was on the mountain than the Lost Orders had led them to believe, a result of McClellan's delay (Luvaas & Nelson 1987:17). Thus began the Federals' plan to flank the defenders on the left and right by the convenient Sharpsburg and Hagerstown Roads leading from the National Pike at Bolivar. General Cox continued: ...I rode forward to find Pleasonton, who was.. .where the old Sharpsburg road leaves the turnpike. I found that he was convinced that the enemy's position in the gap was too strong to be carried by a direct attack, and that he had determined to let his horsemen demonstrate on the main road, supporting the batteries... while Scammon should march by the ,oSDl/NPS NRNP Registration Form CL' Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District Name of Property Section 8 Page 2 Frederick/Washington County, Maryland County and State Sharpsburg road and try to reach the flank of the force on the summit. (in Luvaas & Nelson 1987:17) While Pleasonton's cavalry made their demonstrations on the National Pike below Turner'SGap, Scammon's men turned left down the "Sharpsburg road" (today's Bolivar Road), making their way toward Fox's Gap a short way to the south. Later Hooker's Corps would peel off to the right down the "Hagerstown Road" (today's Mt. Tabor Road and Frostown Road), in search of another route over the mountain, while Gibbon's Brigade of brave souls march straight up the middle on the National Pike to Turner's Gap. The day's battle unfolded to the near�constant pounding of artillery from above and below. From his headquarters in the South Mountain House at the crest of the mountain in Turner's Gap, Confederate General D.H. Hill watched as McClellan's deployment of forces unfolded before him. Hill's response to the build-up of forces at the base of the mountain was critical. General Hill later observed: "Should the truth be known, the battle of South Mountain, as far as my division was concerned, will be regarded as one of the most remarkable and creditable of the war....the division numbered less than 5,000 men the morning of September 14, and we had five roads to guard, extending over a space of as many miles." (O.R., XIX, Pt I, p. 1021) Despite the small number of men in Hill's command, he held several advantages. The Federals' three -pronged attack proved to be slow and uncoordinated, allowing the Confederates to reinforce their positions. The Confederate forces also had the advantage of terrain by holding the high ground. As one Union private put it, "the rebels had stone walls to get behind and the woods to fall back in." (in Sears 1987:2 1) The Action at Fox's Gap The Kanawha Division, IX Corps of the Army of the Potomac, under the command of Brigadier General Jacob D. Cox, were given the task of turning the right flank of General D.H. Hill at Fox's Gap. On the morning of September 14th, approaching Fox's Gap along the Old Sharpsburg Road (now Reno Monument Road), Scammon's Brigade of Cox's Division in the advance found the road to be well defended by Bondurant's Confederate battery. To the left of the road and paralleling the crest of the mountain was a loop farm lane which, according to their local guide, would lead the force to the top of the mountain and to the right of the line of defense (Hartwig 1997:34). Led by Lieutenant Colonel Rutherford B. Hayes' 23rd Ohio Infantry, Scammon's Brigade filed down and around the loop road. Under the cover of the woods which surrounded the loop road the Union force prepared for the first battle for South Mountain. Stone walls lined the Mountain Road (Ridge Road) along the crest of South Mountain meeting at Fox's Gap and around the fields that ran down the eastern slope. The thinly stretched lines of Confederate Brigadier General Samuel Garland's Brigade defending the gap took advantage of the protection afforded by the walls where they could. The Union forces viewed the stone walls from their positions along the loop road below, here described by General Cox in his Official Report: "...his [Scammon's] brigade being formed in line, under cover of timber, facing open pasture fields, having it stone wall along the upper side, with the forest again beyond this..." (in Luvaas & Nelson 1987:20). Shortly after Scammon's Brigade advanced its line along the loop farm lane, and following a first encounter by the 23rd Ohio Regiment, the 30th Ohio under Colonel Ewing began its assault. Scammon reported: "On arriving at the foot of the slope in front of the enemy, I sent the thirtieth Regiment, commanded by Col. Hugh Ewing, to attack the left of that position of the enemy which was immediately opposed to us, with orders, if practicable, to seize a battery in that part of the enemy's c5 USDI/NPS NRNP Registration Form Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District Name of Property Section 8 Page 3 Frederick/Washington County,Maryland County and State lines... They were assailed by a shower of grape from the battery, whose real position and strength were not previously known, but they seized and held the crest of the mountain until they nobly bore their part in the charge by our whole line." (in Luvaas & Nelson 1987:19) Within minutes of this charge, emanating from the fields around the J. Beachley and Hoffman (Coffman) Houses (see 1858 Bond map), "...they were on and over the wall, the center of Garland's North Carolina brigade breaking before them..." (in Luvaas & Nelson 1987:20). Confederate General Samuel Garland's line of defense was effectively divided between the 13th and 20111 North Carolina (Hartwig 1997:50). In the afternoon of September 14111, following a lull in the battle for Fox's Gap, both forces' reinforcements began to appear. Up the Old Sharpsburg Road came Brigadier General Orlando B. Willcox's First Division in support of Cox's Kanawha Division. The Union reinforcement at Fox's Gap was in concert with Hooker's movement on Hill's left flank and Gibbon's march up the National Pike. I was ordered by General Burnside to ...march up by the Sharpsburg road, and take up a position near Cox...I planted a section of Cook's battery near the turn of the road, and opened fire on enemys battery across the main pike. After a few good shots, the enemy unmasked a battery on his left, over Shriver's [Fox's] Gap, from a small field enveloped by woods. (Willcox report in Luvaas & Nelson 1987:38) Following this attack was a charge by Hood's Confederate brigade. In the words of Colonel Benjamin C. Christ, USA: "I therefore led forward the 17th Michigan on the right of the road while Colonel Welsh advanced on the left with 45111 Pennsylvania and 46111 New York.. .then opened fire on the enemy with terrible effect, piling the road and field with his dead and wounded..." (in Luvaas & Nelson 1987:40) The Confederate forces were pushed north and west from Fox's Gap but Turner's Gap had not yet fallen. Bondurant's Battery, located in Wise's north field on the crest of the mountain at Fox's Gap, and the tenaciousness of Hooker's Division along the north stretch of the Ridge Road held the Federals in check until darkness brought an end to the battle. Daniel Wise's fields and cabin were located directly at the crest of the gap at the intersection of the Old Sharpsburg Road and the Mountain/Ridge Road. Both Confederate and Union infantry moved across the fields and yard of Daniel Wise. It was also briefly the location of Bondurant's Confederate battery. Most importantly however, following the daylong battle for Fox's Gap, the farmstead was used as a hospital and burial ground (Stotelmyer 1992:1). The Action at Frostown and Turner's Gap General Joseph Hooker's I Corps of the Army of the Potomac finally arrived in the fields below South Mountain in the afternoon of the 14111. Immediately they were directed to the right down the Old Hagerstown Road (actually Mt. Tabor Road) to the hamlet of Frostown. Directly ahead lay a steeply sided ravine. Running along the ridge on the right side of the ravine was the Frostown Road, at the time little more than a mountain trail. General Meade's Division was deployed from the fields of the Gaber (Gayer) farm at Frostown to the right of the road. Brig. General Truman Seymour's Brigade advanced "through open woods and over cultivated ground": On a prominent hill on his [D.H. Hill's] extreme left, and on our right of the road...the rebels had posted a regiment, the Sixth Alabama. A brisk fire was opened upon our skirmishers by this regiment, and by a battery on the mountain to our left.. ,an extended field of corn led directly to the main position on the mountain itself. The First, Second, and USDI/NPS NRNP Registration Form Section 8 Page 4 Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District Name of Property Frederick/Washington County, Maryland County and State fifth [PA Reserves] changed direction, and, supported by the Sixth in column of companies, continued the attack. A few volleys were fired, bayonets were leveled, three hearty cheers given, and the whole line moved quickly up the hillside with an impetus that drove the enemy from cover and gave Lis the crest. (in Luvaas & Nelson 1987:69) Brigadier General Rodes' Alabama brigades arrived as reinforcements in the afternoon and were immediately sent to Hill's extreme left to "protect the flank." (Murfin 1965:180) Meade's advance, wrote Rodes in his report, "was about 3 p.m., and it was perfectly evident then that my force of about 1,200 muskets was opposed to one which outflanked mine on either side by at least half a mile... In the first attack of the enemy up the bottom of the gorge, they pushed on so vigorously as to catch Captain Ready and a portion of his party of skirmishers, and to separate the Third from the Fifth Alabama Regiment. The Third made a most gallant resistance at this point, and had my line been a continuous one it could never have been forced." (in Luvaas & Nelson 1987:61-63) (D. Rent, O'Neil, Haupt Farmsteads) At the same time Hatch's Division was deployed through the fields on the left of the Frostown Road, facing the Confederate reinforcements from Jones' Division of Longstreet's Corps. Hill's reinforcements were funneled down the road (Dahlgren Road) leading north from Turner's Gap toward Frostown, to face the Union threat. Spread out along the fields on the east side of the road (Beachley-Haupt House?) paralleling the ridge were the brigades of Kemper, Garnett, Jenkins, and Evans (see map Battles and Leaders, II, p,568) Brigadier General Richard B. Garnett reported: ...having gained the summit on the main road, I was sent, by a narrow lane bearing to the left, to a higher position... and forming my line of battle, which I did by filing my command to the right through an open field. My right rested in thick woods, which descended quite abruptly in front, and my left in a field of standing corn. (in Luvaas & Nelson 1987:55) The battle in the field of corn raged into darkness. Hatch's forces pushed the Confederates back through the cornfields but the road remained protected from the woods behind. By then it was too late and too dark for the Federals to push on and take the Gap. During the night of September 14th, the Confederate defenders retreated back to the main road and on to Sharpsburg. As the flanking actions at Fox's Gap to the south and in the Frostown ravine to the north took shape, the National Pike became the center of action in an attempt to distract the Confederate defenders from the attacks on their left and right..Gibbon's attack began in the late afternoon of September 14th: ...I was ordered to move up the Hagerstown turnpike [National Pike] with my brigade and one section of Gibbon's battery, to attack the position of the enemy in the gorge. The 7th Wisconsin and the 19th Indiana were placed respectively on the right and left of the turnpike... the section of the battery under Lieutenant Stewart, 4th Artillery, keeping on the pike a little distance in the rear of the first line... (in Luvaas & Nelson 1987:42) (Kepler Farm, Sheffer Farm, White House) Colonel A.H. Colquitt's Brigade was deployed at the Turner's Gap pass by General D.H. Hill on the morning of September 13, 1862 in response to the movements of General Alfred Pleasanton's Cavalry in the fields to the east of South Mountain. Seeing the advantage of the roads and stone walls on the right and left of the National Pike at the crest of the mountain, Colquitt divided his men. Three regiments were placed on the Ridge or Mountain Road, "Upon the right of the road [National Pike], across the valley and upon the hillside." (in Luvaas & Nelson 1987:49) USDIINPS NRNP Registration Form l Section 8 Page 5 Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District Frederick/Washington County,Mat land Name of Property County and State The following day, September 14°i, this position behind the stone walls of the P. Butler property along Mountain Road served in the defense against Gibbon's direct attack up the National Pike. Colonel Solomon Meredith's 19°i Indiana began the approach on the left of the Pike: On arriving near a house on our extreme left, surrounded on the southwest and north by timber, I discovered large numbers of the enemy in and around the house. They had been annoying us. ..by firing from the house and outhouses; also from the woods near the house. I ordered Lieutenant Stewart, who commanded a section of Battery B, Fourth Artillery, to come forward and open fire upon the house... [he] threw several splendid shots, the first of which took effect in the upper story, causing a general stampede of their forces from that point... (in Luvaas & Nelson 1987:43) The musket fire continued for some time following the destruction of the house, until the Confederate forces on the south side of the Pike retreated. The fighting then turned to the north side of the Pike as darkness was bringing an end to the day and the battle, Reported Colquitt of this part of his defensive line: "The remaining regiments of my brigade, to wit, the Twenty-third Georgia and Twenty-eighth Georgia, were put in position on the left of the turnpike, under cover of a stone fence and a channel worn by water down the mountainside." (in Luvaas & Nelson 1987:49) Much of the fighting had been between skirmishers and artillery until Gibbon's men approached the stone wall and the bulk of Colquitt's defense. Again, Col. Meredith, 19t" Indiana recalled: "After the firing ceased in front, we discovered the enemy, who was concealed behind a stone fence on the right of the pike, in front of the Seventh Wisconsin, annoying them by a deadly fire behind their breastworks." (in Luvaas & Nelson 1987:44) The 7t" Wisconsin took the brunt of the firing from the walls and the forest on their right. Using the "leapfrog" style of advance and fire, the other three regiments saved the 7t" and pushed the Confederates back from their wall. By then however it was dark and too late to push on to the crest of the mountain pass. The Confederate defenders quietly retreated during the night to Boonsboro and on toward Sharpsburg. _NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 9 Page Major Bibliographic References Turner's and Fox's name o OMB No, 1024-0018 3ap Historic District property Frederick/Washington County, Maryland county and state Frye, Dennis E. National Register draft nomination, South Mountain Battlefields, 1986. Hartwig, Scott D. "My God! Be Careful' Morning Battle at Fox's Gap, September 14, 1862." Civil War Regiments, Mark A. Snell, ed. vol. 5, no. 3, 1997. Hill, Daniel Harvey. "The Battle of South Mountain or Boonsboro: Fighting for Time at Turner's and Fox's Gap," Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. II. New York, 1884-1887. Luvaas, Jay and Harold W. Nelson, eds. The U.S. Army War College Guide to the Battle of Antietam: The Maryland Campaign of 1862. Carlisle, PA: South Mountain Press, 1987. Murfin, James V. The Gleam of Bayonets: The Battle of Antietam and the Maryland Campaign of 1862. New York and London: Thomas Yoseloff, 1865. Sears, Stephen W. "Fire on the Mountain," Blue and Gray Magazine December -January, 1987. Stotelmyer, Steven R. The Bivouacs of the Dead, Baltimore: Toomey Press, 1992. U.S. Army, "Maps of Frederick County, Maryland," 1861. United States War Department. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Washington, DC: Gov't Printing Office, series 1, vol. 19, parts land 2, 1880-1901. Woodward -Clyde. South Mountain and Maryland Heights Battlefields: Historic Resources Survey, Gaithersburg, Maryland, May, 1998. Maps Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Vol II, p.568. Bond, Isaac. Map of Frederick County, 1858. Engineers Maps, 1862, National Register draft nomination, South Mountain Battlefields F -4-17-A, B, 1986. Sneden, Robert Knox. "Map of the position at Turner's Gap, South Mountain." 1862-1865. Library of Congress, Mss5: Sn237: I v. 3 p. 924 (Robert Knox Sneden Diary, Virginia Historical Society). U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers. "South Mountain showing the positions of the forces of the United States and the enemy..." 1872. Library of Congress, G3844.Bo35W5 1872 .U5 CW 258. (this map is also in The Official Military Atlas of the Civil War, Plate 27, Gramercy Books, New York, 1983) NPS Form 10-900-a ''' (8-88) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 10 Page Verbal Boundary Description OMB No. 1024-0018 Turner's and Fox's Gap Historic District name of property Frederick/Washington County Maryland county and state The district covers an area of west -central Maryland in the Blue Ridge Mountain Range known as South Mountain, The boundaries which include cultural resources present during the military action surrounding Turner's Gap and Fox's Gap during the Civil War Battle of South Mountain. The boundaries are depicted on District Boundary Map Number 1 and District Boundary Map Number 2. The boundary includes land belonging to South Mountain State Park, the National Park Service, and numerous private properties along the crest of South Mountain and on the eastern and western slopes. The area includes portions of both Frederick and Washington County, Maryland. Boundary Justification Boundaries were defined by the use of roads, topographic contour lines, natural drainages, as well as property lines of the South Mountain State Park and other private lands. They include locations of significant events which took place during the Battle of South Mountain on September 14, 1862, as shown on the attached historic battle maps: "Battle -Fields of South Mountain," Sept. 14, 1862, Army Corps of Topographical Engineers (Official Atlas, Plate 27), and "Map of the Position at Turner's Gap," Sept. 14, 1862 (from the Robert Knox Diary, LOC digital collection). UTMs Continued: ZONE 18 5. E 277960 N 4375060 E 277720 N 4370320 7. E 273115 N 4370860 8. 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Q,! _� 00 U O N ANERS AND FOXS GAP PHOTO L G DESCRIPTION VIEW/ DIRECTION DATE OF PHOTO e at Dahlgren Campground North Nov. 2007 Mountain Inn N Southwest Feb. 2008 p with Battlefield Interpretive Signs and Cha el iback ound East Nov. 2007 oad-East end West Sept. 2007 5 Dahlgren Road Wall Northwest Sept. 2007 6 Routzahn-Miller Farmstead, 9117 Frostown Road Northwest Jan. 2008 7 Landscape of Old National Pike West Jan. 2008 8 9416 Mt. Tabor Road Northwest Jan. 2008 9 Maramede, Old National Pike East Feb. 2008 10 Landscape North of Old National Pike Northwest Jan. 2008 11 Landscape from Bolivar Court Northwest Jan. 2008 12 Loop Road- East End West Nov. 2007 13 Old National Pike looking toward Turner's Gap West Feb. 2008 14 Fox's Gap eno Monument) East Jan. 2008 15 Loop Road- West End Southeast Dec. 2007 16 Stone Wall at North Carolina Monument Nnrtb Nn,, )nm Photographer: Paige Phifer of Paula S. Reed and Associates Map Number 3: Property Locations f Battle of South Mountain yyy • r;;; I Multiple Property Nomination �,� �,+.; !" j „� •' Turner's and Fox's Gap District 1 ! ' { 'li I Keedysville, MD 7.5' Quadrangle (-->� (; \! ` r - -- 0 DISTRICT BOUNDARY I, i A/ ( I, , , 'T76(& Se /.J t 1 t, / f 'II //' / 3 ! e` . O 1 I of a 40 ' '73 620 000 FEET (MD.) '74 773 Map Number 2 District Bou"d 72 ry T BaD>x§ 7J) Multiple Property Nomination 5" °� p 1 Turner's and Fox's Gap District A/:\c7' " Keedysville, MD 7.5' Quadrangle J� ) rc-1 Q� A� Scale = I :24,000 er \ / 1 6 C 7 Q "' Sea i 9P 'Ai tIN 1N '� u�� G VIR AIR. ALAR'� ��� "CC r . 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Multiple Property Nomination J`� i� Middletown, MD 7.5' Quadrangle flu UIUJ5UUIUIE M � M Y O 1 \ 2 6 \ t /1 ,)'tt 211 20 L /t 100 y (O' • >5*\^ _.E._T 76 .77 35_ °78 . v 19 n n 6ma J 7 J \ a,3 ) I .. \ `^lip ,y%`_ ����.�i CJ<_'"�\-•. �.,� \_.i ��� `/ ) o j2rS) / IL \ �`. Map Number 6: Photo Locations �� \ Battle of South Mountain �� t Multiple Property Nomination >)) ,� }I Turner's and Fox's Gap District fi • 1 ) 1. Middletown, MD 7.5' Quadrangle or THE PosuoH At_TUR. t fgnS4..- 0' TlumHMOUNTi1/ 60ondfia0.o r I t \\�\\'Z} tLj1tw_�\\ rMS /l/� - er ooh �3n P. a /l ♦\ 1 �4 I F t' 9'tt a - ANION FORCES tucwlwL G �E `(,y —IS M&IAJ B m stele . Cut.aul. y o�RENo aac%NOOKERS G,afl �pBEIFORCES -r. 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A7I 1 ) � '4jFF � l 5 1 i' r r. 4 d%(}k 4 t3M "rMYRTO R 1 '} U.Pd 4b 1 H.. 1 j i .. .'., i (, �', ( '•' I ) 1 - K. � - rF 1 i � I � 1f 111 i.n 1 �I I T. ,, �-.,7.._. * , 'tA!.. to: ri.�M � '' S'� Jr I r i 1 .E ��> \T tT YtFJI 'q in As a. �gJ� r S i! . # '�tt3kr _ y y xr'? .yi \3c�%g Yiyct ''�`.. - i ' i _ i A" r ' k ggqi' ! i, r r ci` - � J N fat R] 1 NPS Form 10-900 (Oct. 1990) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form OMB No. 10024-0018 This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the information requested. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10-900a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer, to complete all items. 1. Name of Property historic name Jacob M. Funk Farm other names The Heaton House; WA -H-0096 2. Location street & number 21116 Black Rock Road ❑ not for publication city or town Hagerstown ® vicinity state Maryland code MD county Washington code 043 zip code 21740 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this D nomination request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property ❑ meets ❑ does not meet the National Register criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant ❑ nationally ❑ statewide ❑ locally. (❑ See continuation sheet for additional comments). Signature of certifying official/Title Date State or Federal agency and bureau In my opinion, the property ❑ meets ❑ does not meet the National Register criteria. (❑ See continuation sheet for additional comments). Signature of certifying official/Title Date State or Federal agency and bureau 4. National Park Service Certification I hereby, certify that this property is: ❑ entered in the National Register. ❑ See continuation sheet. ❑ determined eligible for the National Register. ❑ See continuation sheet. ❑ Determined not eligible for the National Register. ❑ removed from the National Register. ❑ other (explain): Signature of the Keeper Date of Action Jacob M. Funk Farm Washington County, MD Name of Property County and State 5. Classification Ownership of Property Category of Property Number of Resources within Property (Check as many boxes as apply) (Check only one box) (Do not include previously listed resources in the count). ® private ® building(s) Contributing Noncontributing ❑ public -local ❑ district 5 1 buildings ❑ public -State ❑ site sites ❑ public -Federal ❑ structure 1 structures ❑ object objects 5 2 Total Name of related multiple property listing number of contributing resources previously (Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing) listed in the National Register N/A 0 6. Function or Use Historic Functions Current Functions (Enter categories from instructions) (Enter categories from instructions) Domestic: Single Dwelling Domestic: Single Dwelling Domestic: Secondary Structure Domestic: Secondary Structure Agriculture/Subsistence: Barn Agriculture/Subsistence: Barn Agriculture/Subsistence: Agricultural Outbuilding Agriculture/Subsistence: Agricultural Outbuilding 7. Description Architectural Classification Materials (Enter categories from instructions) (Enter categories from instructions) Other: Germanic with mixed stylistic influence, 19`h c. foundation Limestone walls Limestone roof ' Sheet metal other Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current condition of the property on one or more continuation sheets) Jacob M. Funk Farm Name of Property 8. Statement of Significance (Mark "x" In one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property for National. Register listing) ® A Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad pattern of our history. ❑ B Property associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. ® C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. ❑ D Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. Criteria Considerations (Mark "x" in all the boxes that apply) Property is: ❑ A owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes. ❑ B removed from its original location. ❑ C a birthplace or grave. ❑ D a cemetery. ❑ E a reconstructed building, object, or structure. ❑ F a commemorative property. ❑ G less than 50 years of age or achieved significance within the past 50 years. Narrative Statement of Significance (Explain the significance of the property on one or more continuation sheets) 9, Major Bibliographical References Washington County, MD County and State Area of Sigmncance (Enter categories from instructions) Architecture Period of Significance Ca. 1800-1951 Significant Dates N/A Significant Person (Complete if Criterion B is marked above) N/A Cultural Affiliation N/A Architect/Builder Not Known Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation sheets) Previous documentation on files (NPS): Primary location of additional data: ❑ preliminary determination of individual listing (36 ® State Historic Preservation Office CFR 67) has been requested ❑ Other State agency ❑ previously listed in the National Register ❑ Federal agency ❑ previously determined eligible by the National Register ❑ Local government Q designated a National Historic Landmark ❑ University ❑ recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey ❑ Other # Name of repository: ❑ recorded by Historic American Engineering Record Jacob M. Funk Farm Name of Property 10. Geographical Data Acreage of Property 7.6 acres UTM References (Place additional UTM references on a continuation sheet) 11 111 1 11 1 1 1 Zone Easting Northing 21 111 1 11 1 1 I Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property on a continuation sheet) Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected on a continuation sheet) 11. Form Prepared By Washington County, MD County and State 31 111 1 11 1 1 1 Zone Easting Northing 41 111 1 11 1 1 1 ❑ See continuation sheet name/title Paula S. Reed PhD; Edith B. Wallace Organization Paula S. Reed and Associates, Inc, date 8/09 street & number One West Franklin Street city or town Hagerstown, state MD Additional Documentation Submit the following items with the completed form: Continuation Sheets telephone 301-739-2070 zip code 21740 Maps A USGS map (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location. A Sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources. Photographs Representative black and white photographs of the property. Additional Items (Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items) Owner 'is item at request or trim a street & number 91116Black R nr K Rd. telephone 3o t- 7 4 y city or town H acg+o wh state Mn zip code 2%11'P� Paperwork Reduction Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S!C. 470 et. sea.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average. 18.1 hours per response including the time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Project (1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 7 Page 1 Description Summary: OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Jacob M. Funk farm Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State The Jacob M. Funk Farm (WA -II -0096, The Heaton House), is a 7.6 acre property located on the north side of Black Rock Road, between it and I-70. Black Rock Run passes through the property on its way from South Mountain west to join Beaver Creek just west of Maryland Route 66. The present tract was once part of a 112 -acre farm that extended south to Beaver Creek Road, (now US 40). The land was in the Funk family for almost 200 years. The current 7.6 acre tract contains the farmstead for the property, including a two story L-shaped stone house, a stone end Swisser Barn, a stone spring house, and a stone dairy. These are the oldest components of the complex, all dating from the early to mid 19th century. The house, according to Williams' History of Washington County, and to descendants of the family who owned and farmed the land from the 1760s-1951, was rebuilt in 1881. (The name and date, "John Adams, Smithsburg Maryland, April 2, 1882" is inscribed in the attic. John Adams was a brother-in-law of Jacob M. Funk). Architectural features remaining in the building suggest that it was originally constructed earlier and extensively remodeled in the late 19th century. In addition to these original components of the property there are later accretions including a concrete stave silo and loafing shed on the west side of the barn, which probably date from the 1960s. Toward the east end of the property on the edge of Black Rock Run is a one story frame building covered with German siding and resting on poured concrete foundations. The early 20`h century building, according to neighbors and Funk family members was converted to a small cannery in the 1940s by Clifford Funk. General Description: Following is a description of each of the buildings and structures on the property. House: Facing south onto the north edge of Black Rock Road is the stone farmhouse. It is a two story, four bay building, with a two story, two bay ell extension to the rear. Attached to the ell is a framed addition, a porch infill and extension dating from about 1900. A two story porch was added across the back of the building in the 1984. The stonework is irregular, and has been repointed recently with a raised V profile in the manner of the original. The three eastern bays of the front elevation are grouped toward the eastern half of the house and the western bay is slightly set apart. Brick chimneys extend from inside each gable end, and the roofing material is sheet metal. Windows in the front section have wide wooden lintels and two over two pane sash. The main entrance is in the third bay from the east end of the house. A transom and sidelights NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register. of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 7 Page 2 OMB Approval No, 1024-0018 Jacob M. Funk farm Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State surround the front door. A one story hipped roof porch with bracketed columns extends across the front elevation. The house is a vernacular building, with German influence in its four bay, asymmetrical facade plan. The wide wood lintels and the transom and sidelights at the front door are indicative of the mid 19th century. The window sash and the front porch appear to be later features, ca. 1880, The interior of the house at the first floor is divided into five main rooms and an entrance and stair passageway. The front door opens into the passageway which runs front to rear of the main part of the house, The staircase rises against the east wall of the passageway. The staircase has a large naturally finished turned newel post appearing to date from the late 19th century. Flooring in the passageway runs east -west, across the space rather than the regionally typical front to back floorboards. In 1970, a fire damaged the passageway, resulting in replacement of some of the rail and balusters, and gutted the room to the west. The first floor room to the west of the passageway was heavily damaged by the 1970 fire. Currently the space on the west side of the passageway consists of one large room extending front to back of the main section of the house. A fireplace is approximately centered in the west end wall with a window on either side. There is one window in the front (south) wall, and a door in the Inorth wall leading into the stone ell extension. In the east wall two doors open into the passageway. All of the woodwork was replaced after the fire. The current fireplace mantel was found stored in the milk house, and placed on the fireplace when the room was restored after the fire. The replacement mantel appears to date from the 1830s or '40s and fits well in the current location, suggesting that it might have been the original mantel for this space, removed during a renovation to the house. The area to the east of the passageway is divided into two rooms, currently serving as a dining room and kitchen. The southeast room (dining room) was not affected by the fire. It has woodwork representing several time periods, including a fireplace mantel on the east wall with Italianate characteristics @ilasters, ogee curved panel and wide shelf) and a cast iron arched insert added recently. The fireplace treatment appears to date from the late 19th century. Trim around the windows and doors has symmetrical molding with turned corner blocks, which appears to date from the 1830s. The partition between the southeast and northeast rooms was moved in the 1970s, about a foot to the south. The room on the north side of that partition that was enlarged slightly is now a kitchen, a renovation that was made in the 1970s. The above -described spaces occupy the main section of the house. Extending to the north are other rooms. A two story stone wing to the rear, with one room on each level attaches to the west side of the north wall of the main section. It appears to have originally been a kitchen, with NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Jacob M. Funk farm Name of Property Continuation Sheet Washington County, MD Section 7 Page 3 County and State a fireplace and winder stair in the north wall. It is floored at a lower level than the main part of the house with steps down from the west room to the rear wing. On what was once a porch along the east wall of the wing, is an enclosed space now containing a powder room and a laundry room. The original exterior window with a pair of three panel shutters remains in place in the laundry room. The porch was enclosed ca. 1900. Extending behind the current kitchen is a room added ca. 1900 by framing in the space between the ell extension and the main part of the house. The second floor follows a floor plan similar to the first, except that there are two rooms on the west side of the stair hall. A variety of woodwork trims appear in the second floor rooms of the main section, all suggestive of the 1830s. The door leading to the attic is reused from an earlier period. It has six raised panels framed with ovolo molding, without a quirk, typical of the late 18th or early 19th century. The cellar reveals the apparent remnant of an earlier house, a part of which became incorporated into the present building. Under the east rooms of the main section and a portion of the stair passageway is a cellar room with a fireplace in its east wall. The fireplace is stone and retains two iron swivel cranes. In the north wall, now adjacent to the cellar area of the ca. 1900 framed addition, is a formerly exterior window with a massive mortised and tenoned frame, pegged joints and ovolo trim with a quirk. Notches in the framing mark the location of shutter hardware. Opening from this room to the west section of the cellar is a wide door with six nearly equal sized raised panels with quirked ovolo trim. This remnant appears to be the oldest surviving part of the house and has characteristics which date it to the 1790-1810 period. The. architectural evidence in the house suggests five periods of construction during ownership of the Funk family. First is the remnant of a first or second period dwelling, the remains of which consist of the east cellar room with its associated features. The second phase would have been construction of the main part of the stone house, with trim and detailing dating from ca. 1835. The third phase is the stone ell extension which may be only slightly later than the construction of the main part of the house. It was built with three walls to attach to the main section. Fourth was the 1881-1882 "rebuilding" that Williams' History spoke of. Representing this period are the front door and trim, window sash, porch, portions of the main staircase, dining room fireplace mantel and other components. The final construction phase during Funk ownership was the frame addition enclosing and extending the east side rear porch that occurred ca. 1900. Barn: Just to the southwest of the house is a stone end Pennsylvania "Sweitzer" barn with full stone ends and vertical ventilation slits. The barn sits gable to the road with the forebay facing NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 7 Page 4 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Jacob M. Funk farm Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State west. The framed forebay lengthens the width of the barn, creating the characteristic uneven gable line of Sweitzer barns. The ramp leading into the upper threshing floor and mow area is stone -lined and on the east side of the barn. Most barns are situated with their forebays facing south or southeast, making this example unusual. The barn with its full stone end wall appears to date from the early 19th century. Dairy: Located just east of the rear of the main house is a small stone dairy, at the edge of Black Rock Run. It has a wood shingled gable roof and an entrance in the south gable wall. There is a window in the north wall. The building is currently used as a garden house. The dairy appears to be contemporary with the other stone buildings in the complex. Springhouse: On the opposite side of Black Rock Run, some distance north of the main buildings is a small gable roofed stone springhouse. It faces south with the entrance in the south gable elevation. The spring house appears to be contemporary with the other stone buildings in the complex. Presumed Cannery Building: Located to the east of the main buildings, along Black Rock Run stands a framed building on poured concrete foundations. The building is gable roofed with a double door entrance in its south end wall. German siding covers the walls. Hinged openings along each side allow for lifting of wall sections to open both sides of the building about four feet above floor level. At the interior, framing is exposed, with a lower level at the rear of the building adjacent to the stream bank. The building appears to date from the early 20th century. The original purpose of this building is unknown, but local informants say that it was built and then later converted to cannery in the 1940s. Frame Loafing Shed: To the west of the barn is a frame livestock loafing shed from the dairy operation which once occupied the barn and associated buildings. The structure is in very poor condition, and no longer functions for its intended purpose. It likely dates from the 1960s. Concrete Stave Silo: At the corner of the loafing shed is a concrete stave silo. It appears to be in relatively good condition although it is unused. It likely dates from the 1960s. Following is a list of which of these components contributes to the historic character of the place and which do not. Contributing: House: 1 contributing building Barn: 1 contributing building UPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 7 Page 5 Dairy: 1 contributing building Springhouse: I contributing building Cannery: 1 contributing building Non-contributing: 1960s loafing shed: 1 non-contributing building 1960s silo: 1 non-contributing structure OMB Approval No, 1024-0018 Jacob M. Funk farm Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 1 Summary Statement of Significance: OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Jacob M. Funk Farm Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State The Jacob M. Funk Farmstead is eligible for the National Register under Criterion A and Criterion C. The farm was in the Funk family since 1762 and left the family's ownership in 1951. The period of significance for the property ends when it was sold out of the Funk family in 1951. All of the extant buildings that reflect this long occupation by a locally prominent family represent patterns of history and agricultural development in Frederick and Washington Counties. The present buildings depict the long and continuing occupation of this land by generations of the Funk family. Additionally, excellent records survive showing the division of the land over many generations. This farmstead dating from the early -mid 19th century with major alterations in the 1880s and added buildings and structures as late as the early 20th century, portrays one family's use and occupation of the land over time. Therefore the farmstead meets National Register Criterion A, embodying patterns of local history. The 1960s accretions (silo and loafing shed) to the property were constructed after the Funk family sold the land and are not part of the family's association with the property. Additionally they are not yet 50 years old. The farmstead also meets National Register Criterion C as an excellent example of a collection of regionally prominent stone construction. The house, barn, dairy and springhouse, all constructed of stone along Black Rock Run date from the 1800-1840s period, although the house appears to have been extensively remodeled in the 1880s, and my also include a remnant of an earlier dwelling. The collection is one of a finite group of stone buildings, a prominent regional construction type from the late 18th through the mid 19th century in the Cumberland Valley section of Washington County. The buildings reflect German -vernacular patterns familiar in the mid -Maryland region. The frame canning shed is outside the temporal range of the other buildings. It was built by members of the Funk family in the early 20th century and converted to a cannery by one of the last family members to occupy the property, and thus is considered to be contributing to the National Register eligible complex. The house illustrates the changing patterns of occupation and development of architectural styles and trends over an extended period of time beginning with the surviving pieces of a late 18th - early 19th century habitation, followed by substantial rebuilding and alteration ca. 1835, and again in the 1880s. Although there was a fire and rehabilitation in the 1970s, the architectural and historical character of the property definitely remains intact. Historic Context NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 2 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Jacob M. Funk Farm Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State A few pioneering farmers and fur traders initially settled the area now encompassed by Washington County in the 1730s and 1740s. Lord Baltimore had just opened Maryland's frontier for settlement. Speculators from eastern Maryland responded by acquiring large tracts for subdivision and resale, much of it to Pennsylvania Germans migrating through the area seeking farmland in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. As settlement progressed, political divisions of the frontier occurred. Until 1748, the Antietam Creek drainage was part of Prince George's County. Afterward it was Frederick County until 1776 when Washington County was formed. Settlement was sparse until the close of the French and Indian War in 1763 and the end of Pontiac's rebellion the following year. Thereafter, settlement progressed rapidly as transportation routes improved and word of the rich farmland in the, Cumberland and Shenandoah valleys spread. The underlying limestone made the land fertile, and especially well suited for the production of grains. Numerous limestone outcrops, which give special visual character to the landscape, provided building material for houses, barns, outbuildings, and fences. The speculators who acquired large grants of land as investments began to subdivide and sell smaller tracts of 100-300 acres, which were ideal for a profitable family farm. As farms developed, numerous mills were established along the Antietam, Conococheague, and Beaver Creeks to process the grains into flour for easier transportation. Inhabitants prospered, towns and villages grew to support the local population. In 1776, Elizabeth Town (later known as Hagerstown), already a significant crossroads for the transportation and marketing of farm products, became the county seat of Washington County. The 1794 Dennis Griffith map of Maryland. (see attached detail) illustrates the many roads out of Elizabeth Town, including a road running to the southeast and passing through Funkstown established by Jacob Funck in 1767.1 This was the main wagon road to Baltimore, passing through Turner's Gap into Frederick County. Just northeast of this was another road which continued across Beaver Creek and over South Mountain into Frederick County via Orr's Gap (in 1879 the Beaver Creek and South Mountain Turnpike). With interior farmers totally dependent on such roads to move their products to market, Maryland promoted turnpike development, although most of these toll routes were privately funded. The output and growth in population in the western areas of Maryland encouraged construction and improvement of roads. In 1806, the Thomas Jefferson administration undertook the construction of a federal highway that led into the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase lands. The National Road, which began at Cumberland, Maryland, connected to the port at Baltimore with a collection of private turnpike segments upgraded to become part of the National Pike. The final link in this series of upgrades was the Boonsboro-Hagerstown Turnpike, which was resurfaced and improved in 1823. The National Pike was one of the most heavily traveled east -west routes in America. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 3 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Jacob M. Funk Farm Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State By 1860, the area was prospering, achieving a high level of grain -based cultivation and an intensive milling industry. The prosperity of the greater region led to its being served by other important transportation routes. In addition to the already established system of turnpikes and the National Pike, the Cumberland Valley Railroad established service to Hagerstown in 1860. The B&O Railroad, forced to lay its tracks in neighboring Virginia (now West Virginia) by the C&O Canal Company, provided transportation, constructing a spur to Hagerstown in 1867. In 1873, the major railroad to serve Hagerstown, the Western Maryland, completed track to the City, followed by the Shenandoah Valley Railroad (later Norfolk and Western) in 1880. These railroads connecting to one another converged on Hagerstown, providing ready access to markets for farms and industry and giving the town its nickname the "Hub City."2 The growing dominance of the railroad however, contributed to the gradual decline of the grain -based farming economy of the region, by promoting the growth of larger Mid -western farms. The second half of the 19th century in the west -central Maryland "bread basket" saw a slow decline in the dominance of grain production and milling, largely due to the advances in steam powered mills and the railroad. In 1880, "Flouring and Grist Mill Products" were the second leading industry in Maryland, followed closely by a newcomer to the list of industries, "Fruits and Vegetables, Canned." By 1900, fruit and vegetable canning was the second leading industry in Maryland and flour and gristmill products did not appear among Maryland's major products at all.3 The turn of the 20th century brought the development of the Frederick to Hagerstown interurban electric railway to Frederick and Washington Counties. A boon not only to the farmers transporting produce to the Frederick and Hagerstown markets, the railway also promoted passenger travel and summer resort businesses. The development of the interurban railway in the region was part of a national trend toward mechanized mass transportation, particularly in urban areas. These transportation innovations impacted residential development, not only around the cities, but also in rural areas. The eventual demise of the electric railway followed the popularization of the automobile and road surface improvements in the 1920s. Faster speeds and increased traffic led to alternate highway construction beginning in the 1930s with the realignment of Route 40 to replace the old, twisting National Pike route (now Alternate Rt. 40), and culminated in the 1950s and 1960s with the Interstate Highway system, in this case Interstate 70. Such roads generally by-passed the small towns which had grown along the historic transportation routes, but provided fast, affordable transportation routes by truck to markets. Architectural Context NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 4 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Jacob M. Funk Farm Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State During the century from 1763-1860, this first period architecture was gradually replaced or enlarged into more substantial and permanent form. The large "Swisser" barns with cantilevered forebays and a ramp or bank at the back, hallmarks of west -central Maryland and south-central Pennsylvania, replaced small log -crib stables and shelters for livestock and crops. Small log houses were improved with siding and additions, or replaced with stone; brick or larger log or timber frame dwellings.4 Due to the predominance of first and second -generation German settlers in Washington County, there are some early buildings that exhibit distinct Germanic influence. By the early 19th century, the use of the traditional Germanic plan was synthesized with more formal Georgian or Neoclassical stylistic elements that were influencing contemporary architecture. The old continental type was gradually replaced by several hybrid arrangements with end chimneys and more formal facades, but with some traditional elements such as the floor plan often remaining.5 The people of mid -Maryland built according to the materials that were available to them, sometimes drawing upon long-established traditions based upon European and British patterns and upon their own interpretations of current styles and construction techniques, adapted to local conditions. Elements of fashionable styles were incorporated into the region's buildings along with traditional features. With the exception of exterior applications of stylistic door treatments and symmetrical fenestration, typically, the more fashionable architectural elements were found on the interior in the form of moldings, mantels, and stairs. Although there are pure stylistic examples, particularly dating from the later 19th century, the vast majority of the region's buildings are vernacular structures. Mid Maryland's barns originated in Pennsylvania, springing from German and English precedents. The region's first barns were the small log structures described in inventories of Conococheague Manor and other 18th century documents. By the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the barns familiar to us as hallmarks of the region appeared. These bank barns, built of log, stone, brick or frame covered with vertical siding typically, have a ramp at the back providing access to the upper threshing floor and an overhanging forebay at the front. The gable -end profile of barns varies among subtypes. Symmetrical gables and closed -end forebays tend to be a bit later than extended forebays. Stone barns tend to be earlier than brick barns, their date range is principally 1790-1850. Commercial orchards and "truck farms" also developed in mid Maryland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, In addition to large scale tree planting, they are identifiable by large buildings where picked fruit was collected and packed, and held for shipment. Packing houses occasionally were fashioned from preexisting Pennsylvania style barns, but more frequently were NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places °Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 5 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Jacob M. Funk Farm Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State separate newer buildings. These are typically of block, metal or framed construction with shed or gabled roofs and often with sprawling shed extensions where stacks of wooden palettes and crates are stored. Resource History Among the early settler -farmers in what was then still Frederick County was Michael Funck (Funk), who began purchasing land in Maryland in 1752. Michael Funck probably emigrated from Germany through the Netherlands during the mid-century wave of immigration encouraged by William Penn and Daniel Dulaney. He may have arrived in Philadelphia from Rotterdam in 1747 on the ship Restauration.6 Moving south from Pennsylvania, Funck established himself on a 150 -acre tract called Harrod's Profit, purchased from Daniel Dulaney in 1762. The farm was enlarged to 311 -acres called Resurvey on Harrod's Profit in 1767 with the addition of several smaller tracts patented by Michael Funck (spelled Funk by the cleric) in 1752 and 1755.7 By 1784, Henry Funck, likely the son of Michael, was in possession of the home farm and had it resurveyed and patented under the name Harwood's Profit,8 Over the following forty years Henry Funk - at some point the "c" was dropped - added land from other patents and sold bits of his own patent land. At the time of his death around 1825, his farm encompassed 375 acres. Funk had three sons that survived him, Henry, David, and Jacob. It was among these three that the farm was partitioned in 1825 (WC Deed Bk HH, p. 546; see attached plat). Jacob Funk received the southernmost tract of 105 acres, with a barely contiguous north section located on the north side of Black Rock Creek, separated by an odd dog -leg section owned by David Funk. The location and shape of the subject Jacob M. Funk 7.6 - acre farmstead indicates that Jacob Funk likely purchased the parcel on the north end of his tract from his brother David or his heirs (see attached for comparison of the 1992 plat with the 1859 map boundaries). No deed record was found for this transaction, however, by 1872 the farm totaled 112 '/ acres, indicating the addition of just over 7 acres to the Jacob Funk farm. Jacob Funk likely began construction of his farmstead ca.1830. The full stone -end bank barn with extended frame forebay (an asymmetrical gable profile) was a relatively common style in the region during the first third of the 19th century.9 Elements of the stone farmhouse, significantly altered around 1881, also point to a ca.1830 construction date. Oddly, a dated stone on the west gable wall of the house is inscribed "D.K. 1846," a name and date that does not coincide with any of the current documentation of the farm's history. Unfortunately the 1859 Thomas Taggert map of Washington County (see attached) showed the Jacob Funk farm as it was partitioned to him in 1825 without the additional seven acres or any indication of the house. However it appears likely the farmstead was initially constructed ca. 1830. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 8 Page 6 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Jacob M. Funk Farm Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State Jacob Funk was born in 1793 and married Susanna Myers in 1824. The 1850 U.S. Population census listed Jacob Funk, a 57 -year old farmer, and his family living on real estate valued at $6,000. Immediately adjoining was his nephew George Funk (son of David), a 41 -year old farmer with property valued at $6,500 (Garron's Loss, WA -II -192). Jacob Funk's family included his wife Susanna, three daughters and three sons including young Jacob (Myers), age 12. By 1860, Susanna (Susan) was a widow living with two daughters, Mary and Catharine, oldest son Henry, listed as "farmer," and the two younger sons, Jacob and Jeremiah, ages 21 and 20 respectively. By 1870, Jacob M. Funk, son of Jacob and Susanna, was listed as the head of the household, with his wife Kate, his sister Catharine, and two young white servants, The census -taker indicated that Jacob and Kate were married that year in the month of March. Local histories indicate that Jacob M. Funk was born in 1838 on this farm. It was in 1873 that Jacob M. Funk's brothers and sisters officially transferred the title to the home farm (WC DB WMcKK 6, p. 413). The farm was 112 and one quarter acres, beginning on the north side of "Black Rock Run." Jacob, like his father and grandfather and various Funk relatives, bought and sold land, held trusts or mortgages for neighbors, and was generally a very successful businessman and farmer. In 1881, according to historian T.J.C. Williams writing in 1906, Jacob M. Funk substantially "rebuilt the house and...made other improvements" to the farm.!° These alterations to the house appear as distinctly Victorian -era features, including the two -over -two pane windows and some interior woodwork. Jacob M. and Kate Funk had two children, Nannie and Frank L. The two inherited the 112 -acre home farm, along with another nearby farm known as the Bear farm, the "Pen Rock Hotel Property" near Pen Mar Park, and several other Pen Mar area properties. By 1910, Frank had married Laura. Apparently the family, including Nannie, moved to the Bear farm around 1917 (Laura M.B. Funk, personal communication). In 1929, Nannie transferred her interest in the property to her brother Frank, reserving a life estate and noting that it was the Bear farm "upon which the said Frank L. Funk and I now reside" (WC DB 184, p. 493). Laura Funk, interviewed at age 95 in 1973, recalled that the Jacob M. Funk farm was tenanted from 1917 to 1951. Some time after 1930 son Clifford E. Funk, who had been teaching in Garrett County, returned home and tenanted the old home farm (Jacob M. Funk Farm). It was he, according to local and family lore, who created the cannery. In 1950, Clifford Funk was killed by a bull on the farm (Norma Heaton, personal communication). The following year, the farm was sold out of the Funk family to Eleanor Walrath (WC DB 261, p. 28). Evaluation: The Jacob M. Funk Farm/Heaton House farmstead retains a high level of historical and architectural integrity, depicting nearly 200 years of one family's occupation with the buildings' NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Jacob M. Funk Farm Name of Property Washington County, MD Section 8 Page. 7 County and State evolution with additions and alterations as the farm passed from generation to generation of the Funck (Funk) family. The 7.6 acres of the current parcel also appears in outline as part of the larger accumulated acreage with its distinctive shape as an appendage of the larger farm. 'It is not known if Jacob Funck was related to Michael Funck (Funk). 2 Paula S. Reed, "Railroad Heritage Context Report," Hagerstown, MD: City of Hagerstown, 1992, p. 10. 'Eleanor Bruchey, "The Industrialization of Maryland, 1860-1914," in Walsh and Fox, p.483,484. ° Paula S. Reed & Assoc., "Mid -Maryland: An Agricultural History and Historic Context," Catoctin Center for Regional Studies, draft 2003, p.26. ' Much of the information in this section was developed in Paula S. Reed's doctoral dissertation entitled, "Building with Stone in the Cumberland Valley: A Study of Regional Environmental, Technical and Cultural Factors in Stone Construction," The George Washington University, 1988. 6 "Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild, Ship Restauration," www.immigrantships.net/v4/shipsv4/restaurationv4.html. Also on the ship's passenger list was Peter Wittmer, Friedrich Rohrer, Samuel Rohrer, and Jacob Graff, all names that became familiar in Washington County by the second half of the 18th century. ' Plats.net, MSA S 1197-3913, www.mdarchives.state.md.us, The other tracts were Margarets Industry, 50 acres, and New York, 18 acres. s Washington Co. Patented Certificate #773, MSA S 1208-814. The name change may be due to a clerk's error rather than an official change as the tract is called Harrod's Profit in later deeds. Robert F. Ensminger, The Pennsylvania Barn, (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 60. ° Williams, p. 996. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 9 Page 1 Major Bibliographical References: "Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild, Ship Restauration," www.immigrantships.net/v4/shipsv4/restaurationv4.htm1. OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Jacob M. Funk Farm Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State Paula S. Reed & Assoc., "Mid -Maryland: An Agricultural History and Historic Context," Catoctin Center for Regional Studies, draft 2003 Washington County Land Records Williams, TIC, A History of Washington County Maryland, Hagerstown: John M. Runk & L. R. Titsworth, 1906 US Census Records Plats..net, www.mdarchives.state.md.us. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section 10 Page 1 Verbal Boundary Description: OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Jacob M. Funk Farm Name of Property Washington County, MD County and State The boundary for the nominated area contains the entire 7.6 acres associated with the property, as shown in the attached 1992 house location survey plat. Boundary Justification: The boundary is the entire parcel associated with and encompassing the remaining buildings of Jacob M. Funk's Farm. rr a � F �� �r t� v} m u ,_ H G • r c w if. n 4 � i a S' t ��f :?k $4 0 Z ��\ 7 w � \\� 2 \ U 2. �fE< 11/i 2±i kr -4 J,fi ; r h JAY I' ,'He/;/, tT( WMI-096, Jacob M. Funk Farm t :1 /c Washington Co., MD August 2008 ` 1912 USG S, Hagerstown Quad rZ1 (Maptech) N r�iJ'Yf�1'7I t: y°};�� 1 tT Ki ; Ira 9 F,, WA -11.095* Jacob M. 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I would like to take a few minutes to present why the Battle of South Mountain was an important historical event, and briefly delve into how placing the battlefield on the National Register will further enhance preservation efforts. The Battle of South Mountain occurred Sunday, September 14'", 1862. It was the turning point of the Maryland (or Antietam) Campaign: a campaign that involved Confederate General Robert E. Lee's first invasion into Union territory. Many historians agree that a victory on Union soil in 1862 represented the South's best chance for winning independence. At stake for the South was foreign diplomatic recognition and intervention. Southerners believed that the advent of foreign intervention would have persuaded a war weary North to negotiate a peace. In short, one successful victory on Northern soil would have done more for the South than all their victories in Virginia and elsewhere combined. As the Maryland Campaign's turning point, the Battle of South Mountain signaled the end of Lee's invasion. As a result of the fight on South Mountain, Lee's hopes of reaching Pennsylvania and beyond would not materialize. The Battle of South Mountain was no skirmish. It involved two full corps of General George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac, and a good portion of a third. It also involved two divisions of Lee's Army. The casualty rate was relatively high, especially for the Confederates who lost about 15% of their force -soldiers. The battle in Fox's Gap was especially violent and protracted, as fighting ebbed and flowed across the fields near the present-day Appalachian Trail from 9 a.m. to dusk. The famed Union Iron Brigade first began to build its reputation though their persistent assaults on Turner's and Frostown Gaps. Two future presidents: Rutherford B. Hayes and William McKinley saw action at Fox's Gap -with Hayes sustaining a significant wound. Two notable generals, Union General Jesse Reno and Confederate General Samuel Garland, died in the fighting at Fox's Gap. As a key part of the Maryland Campaign, a campaign that ultimately provided the political climate for Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, the Battle of South Mountain stands beside Antietam and the rest of the Maryland Campaign as being equal contributing factors that lead to the transformation of the Civil War, and American History beyond. Official war records indicate that officers who served at Antietam and South Mountain treated both battles as relative equals in both their scope and strategic importance. However time has eroded the significance of the battle of South Mountain in our minds. Ken Bums' well-known Civil War documentary, for example, skips right over it. The history of the battlefield since 1862 has been correspondingly short on attention, and preservation efforts have been modest. The famed 191h century newspaper columnist George Alfred Townsend took interest in the battlefield and even built his summer retreat in Crampton's Gap. Sadly for Townsend, his own legacy has faired little better than the battlefield's in the years since his death in 1914. The South Mountain Battlefield has mostly benefited from its proximity to the Appalachian Trail. As a result, much of the mountain summit as been preserved, and South Mountain represents the only place where the AT intersects a significant Civil War battlefield. The establishment of Washington Monument State Park in 1934 and Gathland State Park in 1949 have also helped; and early on both places made interpreting the Battle of South Mountain a key component of their interpretive strategies. However, a quick glance at the maps provided indicate, the battlefield was more than just the mountain gaps. It includes the approach routes used by the Federals, as well as the opening combat that took place much closer to the eastern foot of South Mountain. Preservation efforts surfaced again in the 1960s, and in the year 2000 the battlefield received official recognition when South Mountain State Battlefield was officially established. Placing the battlefield on the National Register of Historic Places will be huge step in this ongoing preservation effort. Being on the National Register would open up many grant opportunities that are currently unavailable to both the friends' group and the state park itself. Being on the list may open up some financial benefits for the landowners -especially for those looking for grants and/or tax credits to maintain their properties. It will neither limit their ability to develop the land, nor give the state the power to condemn properties. Recognizing these benefits, the Friends of South Mountain State Battlefield hired a consultant to develop the National Register application. The work they did was thorough and informative. They found and cataloged 150 contributing historical resources in the proposed district. In short, they have discovered that we are sitting on the cusp of a great opportunity to further enhance preservation efforts in western Frederick and eastern Washington Counties. Daniel P. Spedden Park Manager South Mountain Recreation Area 21843 National Pike Boonsboro MD 21713 Office 301.791.4656 Fax 301.791.0962 Cell 240.285.3481