HomeMy WebLinkAbout20181003AGENDA
HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION
FOR WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND
Workshop room #2001
WASHINGTON COUNTY ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
100 WEST WASHINGTON STREET
October 3, 2018
7:00PM
M
REGULAR MEETING AGENDA - 7:00 PM
A. Call to Order & Roll Call
B. Minutes — September 5, 2018
C. Communications & Bills
D. Unfinished Business
E. Budget
F. New Business
1. Review and Recommendation -Application for National Register listing
Cool Hollow House, 9302 Old National Pike, Hagerstown
G. Other Business
H. Closed Session
I. Adjournment
* = written material enclosed
\HDC\A Oct 3 2018.DOC
NOTICE IS GIVEN THAT THE HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION MAY MEET IN CLOSED SESSION PURSUANT TO SECTION 10.508, STATE GOVERNMENT
ARTICLE, ANNOTATED CODE OF MARYLAND. INDIVIDUALS REQUIRING SPECIAL ACCOMMODATIONS ARE REQUESTED TO CONTACT THE WASHINGTON COUNTY
PLANNING DEPARTMENT. CONTACT PLANNING DEPARTMENT AT (240) 313-2430 VOICEITDD TO MAKE ARRANGEMENTS NO LATER THAN TEN (10) WORKING DAYS PRIOR
TO THE MEETING.
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NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 10024-0018
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Registration Form
This form Is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in How to Complete the National
Registerof Historic Places Registration Form (National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each Item by marking 'X' in the appropriate box or by entering
the information requested. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural
classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative
items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10-900a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer, to complete all items.
1. Name of Property
historic name Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home
other names WA -11-195
2. Location
street & number 9302 Old National Pike
city or town
state Maryland code MD county Washington code 043
3. State/Federal Agency Certification
❑ not for publication
❑ vicinity
zip code 21740
As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this ❑ nomination ❑
request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic
Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property ❑ meets ❑ does
not meet the National Register criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant ❑ nationally ❑ statewide ❑ locally. (❑
See continuation sheet for additional comments).
Signature of certifying official/Title
State or Federal agency and bureau
my
Signature of certifying official/Title Date
State or Federal agency and bureau
4. National Park Service Certification
I hereby, certify that this property is:
❑ entered in the National Register.
❑ See continuation sheet.
❑ determined eligible for the National
Register.
❑ See continuation sheet.
❑ Determined not eligible for the National
Register.
❑ removed from the National Register.
❑ other (explain):
Signature of the Keeper
Date of Action
Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home (WA -11-195) Washington County, Maryland
Name of Property County and State
5. Classification
Ownership of Property Category of Property Number of Resources within Property
(Check as many boxes as apply) (Check only one box) (Do not include previously listed resources in the count)
M
Private
❑
building(s)
Contributing
Noncontributing
❑
public -local
❑
district
4
1 buildings
❑
public -State
❑
site
4
sites
❑
public -Federal
❑
structure
structures
❑
object
objects
8
1 Total
Name of related multiple property listing number of contributing resources previously
(Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing) listed in the National Register
6. Function or Use
Historic Functions
Current Functions
(Enter categories from instructions)
(Enter categories from Instructions)
DOMESTIC/Single Dwelling
DOMESTIC/Single Dwelling
7. Description
Architectural Classification
Materials
(Enter categories from instructions)
(Enter categories from instructions)
FEDERAL/GREEK REVIVAL
foundation Stone
Walls Brick
Roof Standing Seam/Metal
Other Wood
Narrative Description
(Describe the historic and current condition of the property
on one or more continuation sheets)
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section 7 Page 1
Description Summary:
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home
(WA -11-195)
Name of Property
Washington County, Maryland
County and State
Cool Hollow House, a c.1823 Federal/Greek Revival style farmhouse of brick construction on
fieldstone foundations, rests on a sloping, narrow strip of land comprising of approximately 7
acres between the Old National Pike and the east side of the Antietam Creek. The five bay
house, with a two bay 1 V2 story wing on the north end, has a central entrance, covered by a one
bay, one story temple form porch with large square pillars. The interior retains its original,
simple, but elegant woodwork.
General Description:
Cool Hollow House, a c.1823 Federal/Greek Revival style farmhouse of brick construction,
resides on land comprising of 6.92 acres between the Old National Pike, and the east side of the
Antietam Creek.
The property is the remnant of once large farm of 180 acres dating to the first quarter of the 19th
century at least. This farm was owned for more than a century by the Emmert and Schindel
families, both prominent surnames in Washington County history. The property occupied both
sides of the Old National Pike and in addition to the main house; it included several smaller
tenant houses, and a collection of stone barns, three spring houses and other outbuildings. The
farm included a strip of land on the west bank of the Antietam, with an 18th century mill
complex, now in ruin, which the current plot still retains. The landscape and buildings still retain
their authentic 19th century character.
Cool Hollow House faces east toward the Old National Pike and South Mountain. A paved,
circular drive begins immediately adjacent to the Cool Hollow Culvert (WA -II -131), a stone arch
bridge built in the early part of the 19th century during the construction of the National Road,
begun in 1811. The house sits on gently sloping ground, descending to the banks of the
Antietam Creek. The home is surrounded by sprawling lawns, inhabited by venerable trees,
including Oak, Walnut, and Sycamore. The property includes considerable water frontage on the
Antietam, having land on both the east, and west banks. The village of Funkstown is exactly 3
miles northwest on the Old National Pike, and the village of Boonsboro is approximately 4 %2
miles to the southeast. Within the immediate vicinity of nominated property, three other
Maryland Historic properties reside. The 18th -19th century Tollgate House (WA -II -177), sits to
the north. Lone Pine Farm, the nominated property's original stone bank barn, with a date of
1793 in the rafter, and a tenant house (WA -II -206), sits directly to the south. Diagonally across
the Old National Pike is Hillside Lake Farm (WA -I-420).
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section 7 Page 2
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
Cool Hollow I-louse/Emmert's Home
(WA -11-195)
Name of Property
Washington County, Maryland
County and State
Cool Hollow House is a 2 %2 story five bay brick dwelling resting on limestone foundations, with
a 2 bay, 1 % story brick wing projecting from the north end with small gable roof dormers. The
front elevation is formal with five bays and a central entrance. Bricks are laid in Common bond,
or American bond on all sides, with five stretcher rows to each row of headers. Heavy wooden
lintels above the openings with projecting, decorative corner blocks enhance the front elevation.
Substantial molded wooden cornices span the front and rear elevations at the roofline.
Large brick chimneys at each end gable of the main block, and at the end gable of the wing are
located inside the walls. Standing seam sheet metal finishes the roof terminating with barge
boards set directly against the end walls.
The main entrance is covered by a one bay, one story temple form porch with a heavily molded
pediment, and large square pillars. Simple, but heavy balustrades link the pillars to the structure.
The tall six panel door is crowned by a transom with diamond shaped panes, and surrounded by
deep, raised panel molding.
The north wing contains a recessed porch along the entire front elevation, a typical feature of the
region in the 18th and 19th centuries. Off of this porch, a six panel coffin door with a simple three
light transom and deep, raised panel molding leads to the formal drawing room. A two panel
service door with glazing on the upper half, and a transom leads to the old kitchen, and a window
with two panes of bullseye glass, (reportedly brought to the United States from an ancient
English house by a former owner) sits beside the service door.
Windows have six over six pane sashes, and are held with narrow frames finished with a bead at
the inside edge. All windows on the first floor are flanked with four panel shutters, while the
upper floors have louvered shutters with stationary slats. The south end of the house contains
one window on each level at the southwest coiner. Both ends of the main block and the end of
the north wing, have a pair of six pane hinged windows in the attic level flanking the chimney.
In the early -mid 20th century, a screened -in porch was constructed on the rear of the north wing,
and was converted into a four season room surrounded by windows on three sides in the 1960s.
Interior:
The front entrance opens into a full length formal stair and entrance hall, with rooms on either
side. The modified Georgian floorplan, that once consisted of two rooms on each side of the
center hall, was modified to two large rooms in the mid -20th century, however all original
moldings and flooring remain.
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section 7 Page 3
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home
(WA -11-195)
Name of Property
Washington County, Maryland
County and State
The staircase rises against the north wall of the entrance hall, and gently ascends to a slight curve
at the landing, turning back on itself and rising again to the second floor. The walnut newel post
is heavy and simply turned, with a more delicate hand rail and simple turned balusters that taper
slightly. Entrance hall molding is deep with raised panels on both the vertical and horizontal
surfaces. The same molding is in the room to the left of the hall. All other trim in the house is
more simple; symmetrically molded, with corner blocks. Mantelpieces are bulky with carved,
raised panels and tapering columns.
The north wing contains a massive service fireplace with simple mantle and its original cranes.
A steep set of winder stairs leads to the large %2 story bedroom above.
The main section of the house sits on a full stone cellar with a generous crawl space beneath the
wing. Built directly on top of the stone bedrock, the limestone shelf can be seen protruding
through the east wall of the basement.
Additional Buildings:
In addition to the main house, there are three other service buildings remaining on the property
located behind the home. A stone spring house, built into the slope is one story at the front and
two at the back with two rooms separated by a brick wall. An early 20th century frame potting
shed, built on older stone foundations, extends off the rear side of the spring house.
Underground through a wooden door in the potting shed, a stone root cellar resides. Beyond the
springhouse and coy pond installed in the mid -20th century, along the banks of the Antietam
Creek, an 18th century stone forge without its roof sits surrounded by ancient Walnut trees. The
forge retains its massive raised stone fireplace, and characteristic low windows in the front
elevation. A mid-century three stall garage with mechanics pit stands to the south of the house.
Additional Sites:
On the west bank of the Antietam Creek on property belonging to the main plot, the ruin of an
18th century mill complex remains. The stone foundations, walls, and a dug mill race remain
undisturbed. The 1794 map of Washington County Maryland, by Dennis Griffith (Figure 1)
shows the site as a Powder Mill. The nominated property also contains another site that was a
Fulling and Dyeing Mill operated by Henry Funk' prior to 1812.
Cottingham D., "Our Legacy in Stone," The Daily Mail (Hagerstown, MD), October 22, 1964
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section 7 Page 4
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home
(WA -11-195)
Name of Property
Washington County, Maryland
County and State
Residing at the bottom of a dug well in the front lawn is a cave opening that leads to the Cool
Hollow Well Cave, a formation in the limestone bedrock, listed by the National Geological
Survey2. The cave is one of the thirty listed caves in Washington County, Maryland.
Washington County contains nearly sixty percent of the known, listed caves in the state of
Maryland3. The opening to the cave can be seen at the bottom of the well.
Additionally, the property includes an intact brick -domed cistern located directly behind the
home, date and materials congruent with the construction of the main house.
Resource Count:
4 contributing buildings
1 non-contributing building
4 contributing sites
Evaluation of Integrity:
Cool Hollow House is a fine example of a transitional Federal/Greek Revival style country home
from west central Maryland. The house and its dependencies remain highly intact with key
components- design, layout, and woodwork -all present. The setting in which the property and
buildings sit is largely unchanged since the mid -19th century. The contributing factors of the
nomination are the significant early -mid 19th century architecture, unspoiled 18th century mill
complex site on the property, proof of civil war skirmishes on the farm, a section of the original
National Road, the listed Cool Hollow Well cave, and its prominent location on the Antietam
Creek along the Old National Pike render this property historically significant. Therefore, Cool
Hollow House retains a high level of integrity of location, setting, materials, design,
workmanship, feeling, and association with historical events.
Franz, R.; Slifer, D. (1971). Maryland Geological Survey's Caves of Maryland, Maryland Geological Survey. pp. 72-73.
IBID, pp. 8-9
Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home (WA -II -195)
Name of Property
8. Statement of S
Applicable National Register Criteria
(Mark "x" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property for
National Register listing)
A Property is associated with events that have made a
significant contribution to the broad pattern of our
history.
❑ B Property associated with the lives of persons
significant in our past.
C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a
type, period, or method of construction or represents
the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values,
or represents a significant and distinguishable entity
whose components lack individual distinction.
®
D
Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information
important in prehistory or history.
Criteria Considerations
(Mark
"x'
in all the boxes that apply)
Property is:
❑
A
owned by a religious institution or used for religious
purposes.
❑
B
removed from its original location.
❑
C
a birthplace or grave.
❑
D
a cemetery.
❑
E
a reconstructed building, object, or structure.
❑
F
a commemorative property.
❑
G
less than 50 years of age or achieved significance
within the past 50 years.
Narrative Statement of Significance
(Explain the significance of the property on one or more continuation sheets)
Washington County, Maryland
County and State
(Enter categories from instructions)
ARCHITECTURE
ARCHEOLOGY
MANUFACTURING/COMMERCE
MILITARY
Period of Significance
1790-1863
Significant Dates
1823
July 9-10, 1863
Significant Person
(Complete if Criterion B is marked above)
Cultural Affiliation
Architect/Builder
9. Major Bibliographical References
Bibliography
(Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation sheets)
Previous documentation on files (NPS):
Primary location of additional data:
❑
preliminary determination of individual listing (36
®
State Historic Preservation Office
CFR 67) has been requested
❑
Other State agency
❑
previously listed in the National Register
❑
Federal agency
❑
previously determined eligible by the National Register
❑
Local government
❑
designated a National Historic Landmark
❑
University
❑
recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey
❑
Other
#
Name of repository:
❑
recorded by Historic American Engineering Record
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section 8 Page 1
Summary Statement of Significance:
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
Cool Hollow House/tnmert'sHome
(WA -II -195)
Name of Property
Washington County, Maryland
County and State
Cool Hollow House (MIHP # WA -II -195) is locally significant under National Register Criterion
C as a fine example of a vernacular adaption of a late Federal/Greek Revival style farmhouse.
The home is significant for its large scale, and simple, stylistic attributes, that define an early
example. Built c. 1823 during the peak years of the westward expansion, the large brick house
with its elegant temple form porch and large chimneys sits prominently on the National Road,
built to impress. Located at the only point where the Antietam Creek meets the National Road
between Fumkstown and Boonsboro, this particular site makes its location a critical point along
the route. Early deeds read that travelers are allowed to use the natural springs located on the
grounds. The nominated property derives additional significance under National Register
Criterion D, for the archeological potential of the mill sites and well/cave on the property. The
18th century mill complex on the property is shown on the 1794 Dennis Griffith map of
Maryland (Figure 1) as a Powder Mill. The ruin is an undisturbed example of an early mill
complex along the Antietam Creek. Another possible ruin of an early 19th century fulling and
dyeing mill run by Henry Funk4, sits on the property near the Cool Hollow Culvert on the run-off
from Beaver Creek. These sites offer potential to yield important information regarding
manufacturing and commerce in the nation's early history. The Cool Hollow Well, a 35 foot
deep man-made well that intersects a largely unexplored cave formation in the Elbrook limestone
beneath the front lawn, also has potential to yield information important to prehistory or history.
Cool Hollow House is significant under National Register Criterion A, as a site of documented
Civil War skirmishes. During the retreat from Gettysburg, both the Confederate and Union
forces engaged along the National Road between Boonsboro and Funkstown on the days of July
8-12, 1863. On July 9th thru July 1 1th battle was joined by Confederate and Union cavalry
forces on the Cool Hollow Farm owned by the prominent Schindel family. The period of
significance c. 1823 represents the date of construction of Cool Hollow House, and the period of
significance of July 8-12, 1863 represents the Civil War skirmishes and encampments that took
place around the home.
Resource History and Historic Context:
Historic Context
4 Cottingham D., "Our Legacy in Stone," The Daily Mail (Hagerstown, MD), October 22, 1964
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section 8 Page 2
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
Cool Hollow House/Emmert'sHome
(WA -II -195)
Name of Property
Washington County, Maryland
County and State
Cool Hollow House represents an important piece of regional history, rooted in the rich
agricultural and manufacturing opportunities that Washington County provided in the 18th and
19th centuries. The home is significant as well due to the fighting that took place around it in
1863 during the Civil War.
"A few pioneering farmers and fur traders initially settled the area in the 1730s and
1740s. At that time Lord Baltimore had just opened Maryland's frontier or "back country"
for settlement, and Germans were migrating through the area to create settlements in
Virginia. Seeking to develop the back portions of Maryland, Lord Baltimore began to
encourage settlement on his colony's frontier. Speculators from eastern Maryland
responded by acquiring large tracts for subdivision and resale to German farmers. As
settlement progressed, political divisions of the frontier occurred. Until 1748, the land
was part of Prince George's County. Afterward it was Frederick County until 1776 when
Washington County was formed. Settlement was sparse until the close of the French and
Indian War in 1763 and the end of Pontiac's rebellion the following year. Thereafter,
settlement progressed rapidly as transportation routes improved and word of the rich
farmland in the Cumberland and Shenandoah valleys spread. The land was made fertile
by numerous limestone outcrops, which give special visual character to the landscape as
well as providing material for buildings and fences. The English speculators who had
acquired large grants of land as investments began to subdivide and sell into smaller lots
of 100-300 acres which were ideal for a profitable family farm. These farms were divided
into fields of 20-40 acres and planted with small grains and corn or clover. Other lands
were left in pasture and woodlots, as the process of clearing the land was slow. Woodlot
and pasture functions were often combined in areas where rock outcrops made cultivation
difficult. Allowing cattle and hogs to forage through woodlands helped to keep them
open and clear.
While the valley lands of Washington County were easily converted to the general/grain
farming traditions carried on by German and Pennsylvania -German immigrants, the
mountains bordering the valleys on the east and west provided different opportunities for
development. Covered with old growth trees and laden with iron ore, the mountains were
soon home to several iron furnace operations. The Green Spring Furnace, nestled within
the North Mountain ranges to the west, was established in 1765 by Lancelot Jacques and
Thomas Johnson.' The insatiable need for wood to provide charcoal for the furnaces
ensured that previously forested mountain land was eventually cleared.
Through the first half of the 19th century, the west -central region of Maryland became
known for grain production. Grain was sold in bulk, or processed into flour and meal, or
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section 8 Page 3
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
Cool Hollow House/Emmert'sHome
(WA-lI-195)
Name of Property
Washington County, Maryland
County and State
distilled into whiskey. These commodities were shipped to markets in Baltimore or
Philadelphia. Shipping from western Maryland was a problem, and hindered the growth
and prosperity associated with grain production. There was no reliable inland water route
to the farming areas, although navigation of the Potomac River was seasonally available
from the 1790s through 1828. Road transportation served as the primary artery for the
freight hauling needs of the region. Maryland, therefore promoted turnpike development,
although most of these toll routes were privately funded. The output and growth in
population in the western areas of Maryland encouraged construction and improvement
of roads.
In 1806 the Federal government began the construction of a highway that would lead to
the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase lands comprising much of the central portion of
the United States. The "National Road" began in Cumberland, Maryland partly following
the old Braddock Road, a rough wagon track established by explorers and traders, and led
to Wheeling in Virginia (West Virginia) and later on to Terre Haute, Indiana. The main
wagon road from Baltimore to Cumberland, a collection of privately owned and operated
turnpike segments that ran through the heart of Washington County was eventually
upgraded and consolidated to become part of the National Road system. The National
Pike, as it became known, was one of the most heavily traveled east -west routes in
America with traffic passing all hours of the day and night."5
Military Context
General Robert E. Lee began his retreat from Gettysburg on July 4, 1863 after a grueling battle
with the Union Army. Lee's plan was to retreat through Maryland over South Mountain by way
of Cashtown, Hagerstown and Williamsport, and cross the Potomac at the latter and into the
relative safety of Virginia. "Time was of the essence, and Lee's army had a substantial head
start on Meade. Most of the Southern army passed through Fairfield Gap and Monterey Pass.
The goal was Williamsport, but whether they would reach it in time -and safely cross the river -
remained an open question in the minds of many Confederate soldiers."6
Major General George G. Meade led the Union Army in chase through the farmlands of
Pennsylvania and into Maryland. Combat, including raids, cavalry battles, and skirmishes
occurred at several places beginning at Fairfield, Pa July 3, 1863. Some of the heaviest fighting
of the retreat occurred in the rich farmland between Funkstown and Boonsboro, MD. Much of
the conflict was along the National Road on July 8 -July 12, 1863. This area was no stranger to
5 NRHP Reference #11000882, WA -V-015
6 Wittenberg, p. 341
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section 8 Page 4
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
Cool Hollow HousefEmmert'sHome
(WA -II -195)
Name of Property
Washington County, Maryland
County and State
war as it was in the same general area that a year before had seen the bloodiest single day of
battle in American history, the Battle of Antietam. The final battle was on July 23, 1863 at
Manassas Gap, Va. thus ending the Gettysburg Campaign.
The Battle of Boonsboro took place on July 8, 1863. Major General J.E.B. Stuart commanded
five cavalry brigades on a mission to prevent the Union Army from intercepting Lee's forces,
thus cutting off their escape across the Potomac into Virginia. The battle began in the morning
along the National Road beginning four and a half miles north of the village of Boonsboro at the
Beaver Creek Bridge. Stuart rode south from Funkstown and intercepted Brig. General H.
Judson Kilpatrick at this location. They fought all day across the mud soaked fields north of the
town of Boonsboro culminating in what was the largest cavalry battle in Maryland during the
campaign. Heavy fighting took place until after 7pm, when the crumbling Union forces were
reinforced by the Union infantry, thus sending Stuart back north towards Funkstown. "After
being driven back across Beaver Creek, the Confederates took up a strong defensive position
approximately four miles northwest of the day's battlefield."` The location of this campsite is a
field diagonally across from the nominated property.
The evening of July 9, 1863 provided much action on the nominated property as Union Brigadier
General John Buford ordered General Thomas Devin to search out the positions of the
Confederate army known to be camped around the location of the nominated property.
"Late on the afternoon of July 9, orders came for the Northern horsemen to mount up.
Around 4:00 p.m., Buford ordered Devin to reconnoiter the Confederate positions west of
the Beaver Creek bridge between the towns of Boonsboro and Funkstown. While
scouting, Devin encountered a detachment of cavalry and artillery left by Stuart on high
ground near his main line. About 5:30, Devin deployed a line of mounted ski mishers to
sweep the left flank of the Confederates as far as a bend in Antietam Creels. Lt. Albert O.
Vincent's combined batteries B and L, 2nd U.S. Artillery, supported the horse soldiers.
Devin dismounted two squadrons and, connecting with elements of Gamble's brigade on
the left, advanced against the enemy line. Ferguson's Brigade held a prominent ridge
overlooking the "Boonsboro Road, and a battery of horse artillery under Capt. Thomas E.
Jackson supported him. Grumble Jones rode up with his brigade on the right of Jackson's
guns, while Chambliss' Brigade pulled up on the left. Three full brigades of Stuart's
horse soldiers now held a strong position on the high ground overlooking Antietam
Creek.
Wittenberg, p. 636
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section 8 Page 5
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
Cool Hollow House/Emmert'sHome
(WA -l1-195)
Name of Property
Washington County, Maryland
County and State
One company of the 17th Virginia Cavalry deployed as skirmishers. As their Yankee
opposites advanced, both sides dashed for a rail fence about 300 hundred yards in front of
each side's main line. The Virginians won the foot race and unleashed a potent volley in
the faces of the Federals, who tried to use the protection of waist -high corn to cover their
advance. The Southerners swept each row with their rifle fire, inflicting severe casualties.
While the skirmishers dueled, Vincent's Union artillery picked out targets and opened on
Ferguson's and Chambliss' positions. "The air above our heads seemed to be full of
splinters, bark, and bullets but we were thus far safe and unhurt as the enemies [sic]
bullets mostly struck the top of the fence or went over our heads," recalled a member of
the 17th Virginia. Their position grew untenable when Chambliss' troopers gave way
under Vincent's artillery fire, their withdrawal exposing Ferguson's left flank. When
Chambliss' line crumbled, Devin's troopers advanced quickly against it.
After a short and sharp fight, Devin's skirmishers took the crest while the left squadron
ran into a large camp of Stuart's cavalry and quickly dispersed it. "The federal cavalry
had advanced on the road so far as to nearly cut us off and I distinctly heard loud
commands to halt, but in the confusion supposed it was our officers getting their men into
line but it was not, it was the enemy, who had nearly overtaken us," wrote Virginia
trooper James Hodam, who had advanced with his company and carried off a wounded
comrade, all while suffering from a wound of his own. As his comrades fell back in the
face of the powerful Union attacks, Hodam stumbled. Covered with his own blood, and
feeling weak and sick, he leaned against a fence along the road in an effort to catch his
breath.
Pressing their advantage, Devin's and Gamble's brigades drove the Confederates. "[We]
drove them about 2 miles like fun," one of Gamble's troopers later recounted. One
member of the 8th New York succinctly described the action. "Out again. Found the
rebels about 5 p.m. and made them get, up and get. Sometimes they run us and
sometimes we run them until they brought up their infantry and we had to leave," recalled
a member of the 1st Virginia Cavalry. Stuart called upon Chew's Battery of horse
artillery to help "fend off the enemy attack. With darkness settling on the field, Chew's
guns were only able to fire a couple rounds before it was too difficult to find suitable
targets.
Devin's men bivouacked on the field. It had been another good day for "Buford's Hard
Hitter," as Devin was known to men in Buford's division. "The enemy contested the
ground with their usual earnestness," noted one of Gamble's Hoosiers, "but were forced
back beyond Beaver Creek. The battle continued until late in evening and we stayed in
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line of battle." Pleasonton proposed that Devin be promoted to brigadier general and
assume the position left vacant by Elon Farnsworth's death at Gettysburg."8
On the morning of July 10, the Union Army swept north from Boonsboro to Funkstown. The
Union Army soon encountered Confederate forces after passing over Beaver Creek on the
National Road.9 The confederates were driven "beyond Antietam on the left and to Funkstown
on this road,"70 thus beginning the Battle of Funkstown south of the village. Following the
Battle, the Union established a line running from the nominated property east towards Doub's
Mill along the general line of Cool Hollow Road, establishing breastworks and entrenchments
and remained until July 12.11 On the afternoon of July 11, three additional skirmishes occurred
within the close vicinity of the nominated property. l2
Cool Hollow House represents an important piece of history resting on the National Road, one of
the most important routes travelled, and fought along during the Civil War in Maryland. The
nominated property hosted numerous skirmishes July 8-11, 1863, Confederate campsites on July
9, and Union campsites and entrenchments July 10-12. The property's prominent location three
miles south of Funkstown and four and a half miles north of Boonsboro, is the only point
between the two villages where the National Road curves to parallel the Antietam Creek. High
grounds on the right forced the road to bisect the property, making this an ideal strategic location
for both the north and south. The house stands as a rare witness to some of the most interesting,
and tumultuous times in our nation's history.
Architectural Context
Farmhouses in mid -central Maryland vary greatly in both style and construction. When
settlement began in the early part of the 18th century, log was the preferred material used to build
dwellings. Some of the wealthier families used the readily available limestone that was abundant
in the Cumberland Valley area of Washington County. While very few of the log structures
survive, or have been covered over by wooden clapboards, or shingle, the stone structures
endured far better.
' Wittenberg, pp. 685-687
9 United States War Department. War of the Rebellion, A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies.
Washington D.C. 1880-1901. Series 1— Vol. 27 (Part I) p. 90
° Wittenberg, p.700-70 1
''United States War Department. Series I — Vol. 27 (Part I) p. 302
12 IBID p. 663
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Cool Hollow House/Emmert'sHome
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Washington County, Maryland
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As the 19th century dawned, brick was still a rather rare material used in construction, although
they could be found. "When 18th century brick farmhouses do occur they are distinguished by
the presence of water tables, Flemish bond facades and common bond secondary walls with three
or four courses of stretcher rows to each header row. Much more common among mid -Maryland
brick farmhouses are those from the 1820-1900 period."13
The evolution of the Washington County farmhouse began with the Germanic influences of the
first settlers. These dwellings composed of a plan with a central chimney, and several rooms
clustered around it. The houses could be either one or two stories high. After the arrival of the
British settlers a more formal hall and parlor plan was introduced with interior or exterior
chimneys. Although the dwelling came in many forms the most common was a three or five bay
plan with a side wing or rear "ell". Usually the "ell" contained the kitchen and perhaps in the
wealthier homes, quarters for the domestic help.14
Cool Hollow House is an elegant example of a Washington County vernacular adaption of the
Federal/Greek Revival style with a modified Georgian floorplan. Other area farmhouses built
through the mid -19th century would commonly adapt Greek Revival features into their design
and plan, however Cool Hollow House stands out as a rather elegant example with refined details
applied. The heavy wooden lintels with corner blocks, temple form porch with heavy pediment,
and deep cornice, are examples of such details. The design elements and construction methods
of Cool Hollow House put the dwelling into the later part of the first quarter, or very early part of
second quarter of the 19th century. The house exhibits characteristics of a transitional
Federal/Greek Revival styles, leaning heavier to the latter. It is appropriate to suggest the date of
construction c.1823, due to historic facts, newspaper articles, and early crudely cut machine
made nails with irregular handmade heads found during restoration, that date the house from the
1790's-1820's.ts Similar to Cool Hollow House, in style and construction, are the Sherrick
House (MIHP #WA -II -334), built in 1834 near Sharpsburg, and Greystone Manor (WA -HAG -
093) c.1835. These dwellings, like Cool Hollow House, are more formal farmhouses with five
bays providing a symmetrical, central entrance and center stair hall. The dwellings respectively
also retain prominent Greek Revival features including the prominent Greek -styled portico,
similarly stylized interior mantels, moldings, and stairway.
13 Ditto Knolls, WA -II -093, MIIiP docmnentation, 1978. c.1790-1810 is a good example of an early Washington County brick
farmhouse in a transitional Georgian/Federal taste.
14 Paula S. Reed & Assoc, "Mid -Maryland: An Agricultural History and Historic Context," draft, Frederick, MD: Catoctin Center for
Regional Studies, 2006, Chapter 5.
IS Nelson, L. (November 1968). Nail Chronology as an Aid to Dating Old Buildings: American Association for State and Local
History Technical leaflet 48. History News 23, No. 11, p. 6 retrieved from
http://files.umwblogs.org/b logs. dir/7608/files/nail_chronology.pdf
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Geological/Archeological Context
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Cool Hollow House/Emmert'sHome
(WA -II -195)
Name of Property
Washington County, Maryland
County and State
Caves are not as common in Maryland as they are in other states such as Virginia. Finding them
in the state border is somewhat of a rarity. The first discovery and study of caves began in the
mid -18th Century. "While it's perfectly true that Maryland is not exactly vying for underground
prominence with, say, our neighbor the Commonwealth of Virginia, with its 2,000 -plus caves, or
Alabama, with over 1,000 caves catalogued, the Maryland cave picture is not quite what the wits
occasionally imply. Cave studies here have come a long way since their inauspicious beginnings
in the mid -18th Century, when Joseph Spangenberg made reference in Moravian Journals to a
cave believed to have been the one now known as Busheys Cavern. This same cave, then called
"Hughes' Cave," was one of two listed for Maryland in Dr. Louis Feuchtwanger's 1859 Treatise
on Gems. A Maryland cave attained a considerable measure of scientific stature in the very early
years of the 20th Century when the great American paleontologist, James William Gidley, began
his extensive excavations in the Pleistocene deposits of the Bone Cave near Cumberland. It
remains today one of the finest such fossil discoveries ever made." i6
By the end of the second quarter of the 20th Century the number of registered caves on the
Maryland State list was still only five, as recorded by Robert Morgan in his "Partial Index to All
the Known Caves of the World".
hi 1950 Bill Davies published "The Caves of Maryland, Bulletin 7 of the Maryland Department
of Geology, Mines and Water Resources." Davies' survey, reprinted with an appendix in 1952,
contained general comments on cave science, and descriptions of some 54 caves as they were
known at that time. A decade later, members of the Baltimore Grotto (chapter) of the National
Speleological Society, responding to a need for up-to-date information on local caves, organized
the Maryland Cave Survey. Several workers added considerably to our knowledge of the state's
underground before this initial Survey became inactive. Periodic reports on their work appeared
in publications of the National Speleological Society, notably the Baltimore Grotto News. In late
1965, Dick Franz and Dennis Slifer reactivated the Maryland Cave Survey, bringing to it both
the spelunker's zeal and the investigative depth required to make a first-rate speleological study.
Working with other members of the National Speleological Society, most of them Marylanders,
their efforts have culminated in this extensive new book on the caves of Maryland." 17
Caves around the Mid -Atlantic Region such as Luray Caverns, or Crystal Grottos, have become
a major attraction, and source of information into our Prehistoric past. "Our caves are part of the
natural heritage of America. In recent years we have become more and more aware of their
tb Franz, R.; Slifer, D. (1971). Maryland Geological Survey's Caves of Maryland, Maryland Geological Survey. pp. iii
17 mm
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aesthetic and scientific values to mankind. They are ancient phenomena. They have their own
unique geological and mineralogical formations, and are inhabited by remarkable living things
adapted to their very special environments. The evolutionary processes which have produced
caves and their marvels required a great investment of the world's iv time. Like any other aspect
of our natural heritage, they should be treated with intelligence and responsibility. Unfortunately,
though, as is the case with much of our environment we are both loving and vandalizing many of
them to death. Man had developed the questionable ability to destroy many of the inexorable
works of eons. And so, it must be uppermost in the minds of those who read this book and use its
information for whatever purposes, that all who enter the underground are privileged visitors.
That caves, if they are to survive as living museums, laboratories, nature preserves, challenges,
or just plain curiosities, must be treated with all the respect due their fragile grandeur and
inestimable value."18
The Cool Hollow Well is one of these finds. It can be surmised that while digging the well
during early settlement, they broke through the karst terrain into an underground formation with
heavy water flow. More than a century after the discovery, the well had gone dry, and a partial
collapse of the stone wall near the bottom revealed once again the entrance to the cave.
"Cool Hollow Well Washington County, Funkstown Quadrangle Location: C 5/1/3 Elevation:
440. At the base of a 35 foot man made well, in the front yard of Mr. Long's "Cool Hollow
House", near Funkstown, there is a low passage which trends southwest for at least 20 feet. The
passage was exposed by a partial collapse of the rock lining the well. It would require digging in
order to enter but a mass of loose rock directly overhead makes this unwise. Definite solutional
pockets were observed on the ceiling. The cave is in the Elbrook Limestone." 19
Commerce Context
Settlement of the Western Maryland was delayed from the rest of the state due to the lack of
adequate roadways that led to the frontier. It began in the beginning part of the 18th century, and
picked up considerably in the later part. The history of industry in western Maryland is centered
almost exclusively in what is now Washington County. In 1732 Lord Baltimore announced that
his vast land holdings in Western Maryland, were open for settlement. Early settlers were
mainly English and German and took to farming.
Transportation challenges in the region meant that it was difficult for most farmers to find places
to have their wheat ground. This resulted in gristmills popping up on virtually every stream in
'8mm
19 Franz, R.; Slifer, D. (1971). Maryland Geological Survey's Caves of Maryland, Maryland Geological Survey. pp. 72-73.
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Cool Hollow House/Emmert'sHome
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Washington County, Maryland
County and State
Washington County that provided enough waterpower to run a mill.20 Narrower than the
Monocacy and Concocheague Rivers, Antietam Creek was easier to build and operate mills on
and quickly became populated with such mills21. There were so many mills in fact, that lawsuits
often ensued when water rights and usage came into question22.
Early mills were run on a custom basis, however around the mid -18th century a second type of
operation began to emerge: the merchant mill. These mills were market -oriented and shipped
their products to Baltimore. The merchant mill became the bedrock of industry in eastern
Washington County. While most were grist and saw mills, there was also fulling and dying,
gunpowder, and distillery mills.
Iron furnaces and forges was another major industry. The most famous of these businesses were
the Mt. Aetna Iron Furnace and the Antietam Forge and Mill, both near the Potomac River near
Virginia along the Antietam Creek. "The rise of the iron industry in Washington County is
largely attributable to the Hughes family, which erected at least four forges in Washington
County, Maryland and neighboring Franklin County, Pennsylvania. These forges and furnaces
were run largely with slave and indentured labor, and played an important role in the
Revolutionary War as manufacturers of canon for the Continental Army." 23
Transportation of goods during the 18th and early 19th century in the Washington County area
was difficult because of under -developed roads. Goods would need to travel through the steep
and narrow pass of Turner's Gap to get to Frederick. From Frederick, merchant roads of better
quality led east to Baltimore and south to Georgetown. Although Maryland legislation
recognized and appropriated funding for improvements to Turner's Gap as early as 177424, it was
still a difficult trip for merchant wagons until the 1810's.
In 1811, merchants along the Antietam Creek approached the Potomac Company, which had
begun work on the Potomac and Monocacy Rivers in 1784, to discuss making the creek
navigable by boat from the Pennsylvania line to the Potomac River. This would aid easy and
timely transport of goods south to Georgetown and Alexandria. The Potomac Company's
assessment called for the construction of 21 locks and the conversion of 19 millraces into boat
canals with an initial cost estimate of $20,000. In 1812, farmers and merchants along the
Antietam Creek agreed to loan the Potomac Company over $20,000 which would be repaid by
20Chidester, R. C. (2004). A Historic Context for the Archaeology of Industrial Labor in the State of Maryland. On file in the
Department of Anthropology, University of Maryland, College Park
2' Guzy, D. (2003) Maryland Historical Magazine Vol. 98, No. 3 (FALL 2003) p. 282
22 Stonebraker, p.16
23 Chidester, R. C. (2004).
24 Report on the Highways of Maryland (1899). Maryland Geological Survey Commission pp. 143-144
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Cool I-Iallow House/Emmert'sHome
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Washington County, Maryland
County and State
future toll revenue. By 1813, construction of 10 locks along the Antietam Creek had begun.
Immediately encountering labor and financial issues, the project was slow in progression and
eventually suspended in 1814. In 1815, the Potomac Company attempted to revive the project in
part between Hagerstown and the Potomac River but failed.25 Since transporting goods by water
wasn't possible, there was a renewed emphasis on road improvements.
In 1822, work on the turnpike between Hagerstown and Boonsboro had begun. The completion
of this ten mile stretch "finished the line of travel from the seaboard to the west, through the
valley so long isolated."26 When it was completed in 1824, it was the first macadamized road in
the United States and established the standard of roads moving forward throughout the nation.
Shortly after the road's opening, Mrs. Royall, of Baltimore, accounts her travel:
"Better horses, or a better road is not to be found in the world, than the road from
Boonsboro to Hagerstown. The road is a great curiosity, being turnpike with white stone,
broken into small regular pieces, and laid as firm as the original rock. No floor could be
more level; it was one entire smooth pavement. It appeared more like sailing or flying
rather than riding over land: not ajar nor ajolt the whole way. "27
The nominated property is one of the most recognizable buildings and locations along this
historic stretch of road. The sharp descent into the hollow, and the steep and rocky terrain of the
immediate landscape around Cool Hollow House forced the turnpike road to take a series of
perilous turns that came to be known as "Death Curve".
Resource History
The tracts of land on which the nominated property resides date back to the early division of the
area, starting in 1732 by Charles Calvert, 5th Lord Baltimore. The Macklefish, and Chancy
families first owned the area that encompassed the property during the Colonial era. These
Colonial patents were "Macklefish's Ridge" c.1738, "Chaney's Delight c.1738, "Strife" c.1740,
"Cadiz" c. 1759, "Chaney's Chance" c. 1762, and "Stull's Forest" c. 1761. Proving the
importance of this location along the Turnpike Road, is provided by the fact that only 16 of the
more than 2250 patents issued in Western Maryland between 1730 and 1830, predate the patents
of "Macklefish's Ridge", and "Chaney's Delight"28.
25 Guzy, p. 295
26IIays, Helen A. (1910), The Antietam and Its Bridges. New York: G. P. Putnums Sons p.24 (retrieved from
https://archive.org/details/antietamitsbridg00haysuoft)
27 IBID. p. 25
28 http://www.whilbr.org/assets/uploads/1andpatent5wa5hc01730-1 or /ag ssets/Toads/landpatentswashco1730-1830 pdf
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Cool Hollow House/Emmert'sHome
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Washington County, Maryland
County and State
Thomas Macklefish (aka McKeefish, McElfish, Maclefish) was born December 21, 1705 in
South River Parish, Anne Arundel, MD. He was the son of David Maciclefish, the Lord Mayor
of London Town, MD from 1693 to 1711. Thomas married Susannah Chaney on January 1727
in South River Parish, Anne Arundel, MD. "Macklefish's Ridge" was granted in 1738,29
however since patents could take years to finalize, it is probable that the Macklefish family
moved to the property earlier than 1738. Thomas Macklefish also had several other pieces of
land patented lying continuously with the original tract. These patents were "Macklefish's
Luck" c. 1750, "Macklefish's Range c. 1750, and "Macklefish's Small Bit" c. 1783. Thomas
Macklefish's sons Thomas Jr. and Richard Maciclefish were living on the property as recorded in
the 1783 Maryland tax records. Both Thomas Jr. and Richard were soldiers in the Revolutionary
War, fighting for the United States. The record shows the property with about half of the land
being forest, and half being arable. By 1790, Thomas Maciclefish Jr. was listed in the census
with a household of 10, including two slaves. It is probable that the dwelling the Macklefish
family resided in was built is the same spot where the current residence sits since no other
foundations can be located. Both Richard and Thomas resided on the property until around
1798, when they relocated to Pennsylvania. 30
The farm grew even larger as it was assembled by Matthias Springer by purchasing pieces of the
aforementioned tracts between the years of 1793 and 1802. Matthias Springer and family lived
on the property in 1798 when other prominent land owners of the time published a statement in
the local newspaper prohibiting fishing on their property.
"We the subscribers, living on the waters of the Antietam, in Washington County,
holding land there on, find that very great inconveniences arise from sundry persons
fishing in that creek- We therefore give public notice, that after the date hereof we will
not allow any person of persons to fish therein, unless liberty be first obtained. Those
who disregard this notice, will be dealt with according to the law. John Booth, Elijah
Cheney, George Powell, John Shafer, Jeremiah Chaney, Nich. Broadstone, Matthias
Springer, Nich. Frankhauser, John Smith, Joseph Chaney, Stephen Pollen, Edward
Breathed, Elizabeth South, Christian Bnckly, Jacob Sharer, John Clagett."31
The 1803 tax records for Washington County put the value of the then deceased Matthias
Springer's "Macklefish's Ridge" farm, which included 2 stills, at 311 Pounds and 18 shillings
making him one of the wealthier men in the Jerusalem Hundred. The household furnishings, etc
29mm
3o Moylan, Charles E. (1920), "The third generation ; Richard McElfresh (1724-1808), beginnings of western migration"
"Elizabeth -Town Adviser, August 16, 1798
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were valued at 124 pounds, quite a handsome sum. This leads one to assume at that point there
was a substantial dwelling of size already in existence. Again it is felt that the current home was
constructed on the foundations built by the Macklefish's in the 18th century. Springer's heirs
sold the 180 acres of land and premises in 1809 to Benjamin Emmert for about three thousand
pounds sterling.3z B For a property in the still -developing frontier was quite a bit, proving that it
was already at that time a farm that had been well developed. Benjamin Emmert, a man of
considerable wealth, was the son of Leonard Emmert, the founder of the Dunker Church in
Washington County.34
The 1810 and 1820 census shows Benjamin Emmert and family living in the property's district
and in line with neighboring land owners at that time. Also, an 1819 notice of petition to open a
road, likely now Cool Hollow Road, mentions the Emmert's residing at the property.35
Benjamin Emmert had the land re -surveyed on September 5, 1821 for a new patent "Emmett's
Home".36 Curiously enough, the name of the patent, "Emmert's Home", tells a story in itself.
After owning the property for over a decade, and himself nearly 50 years old, it is likely that the
Emmert's had constructed the current large brick dwelling by that time, and the new patent was
in honor of it. An 1824 newspaper article announcing the completion of the "Turnpike Road
between Hagerstown and Boonsborough" and the opening of the Tollgate House next to the
Emmert's home. The 1821 and 1824 are congruent with the style, and construction methods
used to build Cool Hollow House.
Around 1811, the Potomac Company proposed to build a series of locks along the Antietam to
facilitate boat navigation to the Potomac, and thus to major trading locations. Benjamin Emmert
built a dam prior to 1814 on the nominated property after the effort had begun, and proposed a
canal to circumvent "Chaney's Falls", a series of steep rapids in the creek at his property.37
Ruins of this dam can be seen fording the creek. The purpose of Emmert's dam is unclear, but
suggests it was preplanning for his later acquisition of the mill ruins from Elias Cheney, son of
Ezekiel Chaney on the west bank of the Antietam directly across from where the house sits in
1838. It is unclear at this time if Benjamin Emmett used the mill site during his ownership.
32 Washington County Deed Books liber T, folio 478-479
33 Washington County Deed Books Tiber W, folio 80
34 Henry, J. M. 1936, History of the Church of the Brethren in Maryland, p. 269
3s Hagerstown Herald and Torch Light Newspaper, October 26, 1819
36 Washington Co. Patented Certificate # 289, MSAS1208336. Maryland State Archives,
39 Guzy, D. (2003) Maryland Historical Magazine Vol. 98, No. 3 (Fall 2003)
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Benjamin Emmert died in 1851, leaving all his land holdings as well as a sum of $60,00038 to his
sole surviving child, Magdalene and his grandchildren. Upon the death of Benjamin Emmert,
"Emmert's Home" was sold to Philip Schindel, father of his son-in-law David Schindel for
$14,500, proving that at that time the property had substantial improvements. Philip in turn sold
the property to David and Magdalene in 1856, ensuring the farm stayed in the Emmert family.
The 1850 census does show them on the property in district 6, with their land value at $19,000,
while Phillip Schindel resided in Fairplay. This was a considerable sum for such a young couple,
more than half a million dollars in today's currency.
Benjamin Emmert also owned half of the famed Roxbury Mill (WA -II -134), which was one of
the largest distilleries of its day and dates to the 18th century. According to the extensive wills
ofBenjamin amin Emmert, considerable money was owed to him for the crop of wheat and rye, the
materials used to make whiskey.39 Emmert farmed these crops on the nominated property, and
would transport the goods to Roxbury. Roxbury Mill was less than a mile downstream from
"Emmert's Home/Cool Hollow House", and a minor road shown on old maps links the property
to it running along the west bank of the Antietam Creek via a fording place on the nominated
property (Figure 2). While the mill itself was sold to the Rowland family in 185140, David and
Magdalene became owners of the extensive acreage around it after Benjamin's death.
The prosperity of David Schindel and his wife Magdalene grew considerably in the next few
years. By 1860, David and Magdalene Schindel's "Cool Hollow" was listed on the census as
being valued at $35,000 dollars, over one million today, making it one of the more valuable
farms in the county. David Schindel was listed as a farmer on the 1860 census. Three
generations of the prominent Benjamin Emmert family would own the property from 1809-1910,
over a century.
The property sits on a prominent curve along the National Road between Boonsboro and
Hagerstown known infamously as "Death Curve" 41. Previously known as the Boonsboro and
Hagerstown Turnpike and Bank Road, the road was one of Maryland's main through routes prior
to 1760 that connected Hagerstown to Frederick via Turner's Gap 42. The 10 mile stretch
between Funkstown and Boonsboro on which the property sits was the first paved road in the
United States. This proves that the route along which the nominated property sits has in fact
38 Washington County Administration Bonds 1842-1856 Vol. F, p. 390
39 Washington County Will Book Vol. E -F pp. 119-120
40 Washington County List of Sales 1853-1857 Vol T. p. 443
41 Greene, J. E. July 7, 2002., Alt. 40 Accident Kills Two, The Herald Mail
42r Maryland Geological Survey, 1899; Volume 3, Plate 14 Original Source: University of Alabama Map Library
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been an important thoroughfare for at least 260 years. This road, was already well -travelled by
1760, predates the birth of our nation by more than two decades.
The United States Civil War was arguably the most violent and divisive time in our nation's
history. Cool Hollow House witnessed this first hand during the days of July 8-12, 1863 as
General Robert E. Lee retreated from their defeat at Gettysburg. As Lee prepared to ford the
Potomac River at Williamsport, MD just a few miles to the west, the swollen river provided a
challenge. The construction of new means of crossing would require several days. Lee
instructed his Generals to set up a line of defense stretching several miles from Williamsport past
Funkstown. Union and Confederate forces would battle many times over the next days, mainly
along the National Road between Funkstown and Boonsboro.
In the years after the Civil War, Cool Hollow House was sold to David and Magdalene
Schindel's son Benjamin and his wife Julia in 1878 for a sum of $12,000. Over the next century,
while the nominated property shrank in acreage due to several subdivisions of the old patents,
Cool Hollow House was extremely fortunate to have had many responsible stewards. By the
1950's the property was at its current 6.92 acres. In the late 1970's the notable author and
illustrator of children's books Julia Nordell owned and lived at the property. Cool Hollow House
stands as a fine, restrained example of early 19`i' century Federal/Greek Revival architecture in
Mid -Maryland. Built by one of the most prominent and influential families of this part of the
state. The property remains largely unchanged since its construction nearly 200 years ago.
Beyond the architecture, the house proudly guards over land that played host to some of the most
important pieces of our nation's history, the westward expansion, early manufacturing, and the
Civil War.
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section 9 Page 1
Major Bibliographical References:
Cool Hollow House (MIHP # WA -II -195
Cool Hollow Culvert (WA -II -131),
Tollgate House (WA -II -177)
Frame House and Stone Barn (WA -II -206)
Hillside Lake Farm (WA -I-420)
Ditto Knolls (WA -II -093)
Sherrick House (MIHP #WA -II -334)
Greystone Manor (WA -HAG -093)
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
Cool Hollow House (WA -II -195)
Name of Property
Washington County, Maryland
County and State
Scharf, J. Thomas. History of Western Maryland. (Baltimore: 1882), reprint Regional Publishing Co., 1969.
United States War Department. War of the Rebellion, A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and
Confederate Armies. Volume 128. WashingtonD.C. 1880-1901.
North and South Vol. 2, No. 6, August 1999.
Brown, Kent Masterson. Lee, Logistics and the Pennsylvania Campaign. Retreat from Gettysburg. University of
North Carolina Press, 2005.
Moore, Robert H., II. The Chew's Ashby Shoemaker's Lynchburg, and the Newton Artillery. H.E. Howard,
Lynchburg, Va. 1995.
Schildt, John W. Roads from Gettysburg. Burd Street Press, 1979
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section 9 Page 2
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
Cool Hollow House (WA -II -195)
Name of Property
Washington County, Maryland
County and State
Wittenberg, Eric J., Petruzzi, J. David., Nugent, Mike. One Continuous Fight, The Retreat from Gettysburg and
the Pursuit of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, July4-14, 1863. Savas Beatie, New York and California, 2008
Zeller, Paul G. The Second Vermont Volunteer Infantry Regiment, 1861-1865, McFarland and Company, North
Carolina, 2009.
Washington County Estate and Marriage Records, Washington County Courthouse, Hagerstown, MD.
Washington County Land Records, http://tndlandrec.net.
Cool Hollow House/Emmett's Home
(WA -II -195) Washington County, Maryland
Name of Property County and State
10. Geographical Data
Acreage of Property 6.92 acres
UTM References
(Place additional UTM references on a continuation sheet)
11 III I 11
Zone Easting Northing
21 III I 11
Verbal Boundary Description
(Describe the boundaries of the property on a continuation sheet)
Boundary Justification
(Explain why the boundaries were selected on a continuation sheet)
11. Form Prepared By
31 III I 11
Zone Easting Northing
41 III I 11 1
❑ See continuation sheet
name/title Thomas Freeman and Benjamin Tinsley/ Owners
Organization N/A date March 9, 2017
street & number 9302 Old National Pike
telephone N/A
city or town Hagerstown state MD zip code 21740
Additional Documentation
Submit the following items with the completed form:
Continuation Sheets
Maps
A USGS map (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location.
A Sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources.
Photographs
Representative black and white photographs of the property.
Additional Items
(Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items)
Property Owner
this Item at the request of SHPO or FPO)
Name Thomas A. Freeman
street & number 9302 Old National Pike telephone 703-606-6422
city or town Hagerstown state MD zip code 21740
Paperwork Reduction Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate
properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a
benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 470 et. sea.).
Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18.1 hours per response including the time for reviewing
instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of
this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the Office of
Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Project (1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503.
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section 10 Page 1
Verbal Boundary Description:
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
Cool Hollow House/Emmett's Home
Name of Property
Washington County, Maryland
County and State
The boundaries of the nominated property are recorded among the Land Records of Washington
County, Maryland in Liber 5018, folio 0072, and further shown as Parcel 1 on Washington
County Tax Map 63.
Boundary Justification:
The nominated property, 6.92 acres, encompasses the remnant of the acreage historically
associated with the resource, including the historic house, period dependencies, large domestic
yard, 18th century mill site, and well/cave formation.
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section 10 Page 2
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
Cool Hollow House/Emmett's Home
(WA -II -195)
Name of Property
Washington County, Maryland
County and State
Title
Map of the State of Maryland laid down from an actual survey of all the principal waters, public
roads, and divisions of the counties therein; describing the situation of the cities, towns, villages,
houses of worship and other public buildings, furnaces, forges, mills, and other remarkable
places; and of the Federal Territory; as also a sketch of the State of Delaware shewing the
probable connexion of the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays.
Contributor Names
Griffith, Dennis.
Thackara, James, 1767-1848.
Valiance, J. (John), 1770-1823.
Created / Published
Philadelphia, J. Valiance, 1795.
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section 10 Page 3
FIGURE 2
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home
(WA -II -195)
Name of Property
Washington County, Maryland
County and State
Title
Map of the vicinity of Hagerstown, Funkstown, Williamsport, and Falling Waters, Maryland
Contributor Names
United States. Army. Corps of Engineers
Created / Published
Published by the authority of the Hon. The Secretary of War. Office of the Chief of Enginners,
U.S. Army, 1879
Note: was published after war to show the patterns of Retreat from Gettysburg.
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section 10 Page 4
FIGURE 3
Title
A map of Washington Co., Maryland. Exhibiting the farms, election districts, towns, villages, roads,
etc., etc.:
Contributor Names
Taggart, Thomas, Downin, S. S.
Created / Published
[S.I.], L.McKee and C.G. Robertson, 1859.
Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C. 20540-4650 dcu
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
Cool Hollow House/Emmett's Home
(WA -II -195)
Name of Property
Washington County, Maryland
County and State
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
National Register of Historic Places Cool Hollow House/Emmert'SHome
g (WA -II -195)
Continuation Sheet Name of Property
Section 10 Page 5
FIGURE 4
Plat Map
Tax Map 63, Election District 6, Parcel No. I
Cool Hollow House, WA -II -195
Washington County, Maryland
County and State
SCALE. IS LtlD•
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NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section 10 Page 6
FIGURE 5
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home
(WA -II -195)
Name of Property
Washington County, Maryland
County and State
Cool Hollow House (WA -II -195) First Floor Plan
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section 10 Page 7
FIGURE 6
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home
(WA -II -195)
Name of Property
Washington County, Maryland
County and State
Cool Hollow House (WA -II -195) Second Floor Plan
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section PHOTO Page 1
Index to Photographs
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
WA -II -195
Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home
Name of Property
Washington County, MD
County and State
The following information applies to all photographs which accompany this documentation:
WA -II -195
Cool Hollow House
Washington County, Maryland
Photographer: Thomas A. Freeman, Owner
Date taken: October 6, 2016
Digital Files located at residence.
Photo captions:
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section PHOTO Page 2
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
WA -l1-195
Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home
Name of Property
Washington County, MD
County and State
MD WASHINGTONCOUNTY COOLHOLLOWI-IOUSE 0001.JPEG
West View, East elevation
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section PHOTO Page 3
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
WA -11-195
Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home
Name of Property
Washington County, MD
County and State
MD_WASHINGTONC OUNTY_COOLHOLLO WHOUSE_0002. JPEG
North-West View, East elevation
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section PHOTO Page 4
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
WA -II -195
Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home
Name of Property
Washington County, MD
County and State
MD WASHINGTONCOUNTY_COOLHOLLOWHOUSE 0003.JPEG
North View, South elevation
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
WA -II -195
Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home
Name of Property
Washington County, MD
Section PHOTO Page 5 County and State
MDWASHINGTONCOUNTY_COOLHOLLO WHOUSE_0004.JPEG
South View, North elevation
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NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section PHOTO Page 7
OMB Approval No, 1024-0018
WA-lI-195
Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home
Name of Property
Washington County, MD
County and State
MD WASHINGTONCOUNTY_COOLHOLLOWHOUSE_0006.JPEG
Setting View, Southeast from lawn toward mill site.
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NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section PHOTO Page 10
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
WA -II -195
Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home
Name of Property
Washington County, MD
County and State
MD WASHINGTONCOUNTY COOLHOLLOWHOUSE_0009.JPEG
Mill foundation at creek, and mill race, North.
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
WA -11-195
Cool Hollow House/Emmett's Home
Name of Property
Washington County, MD
Section PHOTO Page 11 County and State
MD WASHINGTONCOUNTY_COOLHOLLOWHOUSE_00010.JPEG
Setting View, Northeast from mill site.
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NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section PHOTO Page 13
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
WA -II -195
Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home
Name of Property
Washington County, MD
County and State
MDWASHINGTONCOUNTY COOLHOLLOWHOUSE 00012.JPEG
Stone spring house, West from house toward Antietam Creels.
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section PHOTO Page 14
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
WA -II -195
Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home
Name of Property
Washington County, MD
County and State
MD WASHINGTONCOUNTY COOLHOLLOWHOUSE 00013.JPEG
Stone spring house/mid-20th Century addition, North.
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NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section PHOTO Page 18
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
WA -II -195
Cool Hollow House/Emmett's I-Iome
Name of Property
Washington County, MD
County and State
MD WASHINGTONCOUNTY COOLHOLLOWHOUSE 00017.JPEG
Front door, west view, east elevation.
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
WA -11-195
Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home
Name of Property
Washington County, NM
Section PHOTO Page 19 County and State
MID_WASHINGTONCOUNTY_COOLHOLLOWHOUSE 00018.JPEG
First floor stair and entrance hall, West.
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section PHOTO Page 20
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
WA -II -195
Cool Hollow House/Emmett's Home
Name of Property
Washington County, MD
County and State
MD WASHINGTONCOUNTY COOLHOLLOWHOUSE_00019.JPEG
First floor, stair and entrance hall, East.
NIPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section PHOTO Page 21
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
WA -II -195
Cool Hollow House/Emmett's Home
Name of Property
Washington County, MD
County and State
MD_WASHINGTONCOUNTY_COOLHOLLO WHOUSE_00020.JPEG
First floor, large parlor, east.
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section PHOTO Page 22
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
WA -II -195
Cool Hollow 1-Iouse/Emmert's Home
Name of Property
Washington County, MD
County and State
MD WASHINGTONCOUNTYCOOLHOLLOWHOUSE 00021.JPEG
First floor, large parlor, west.
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
WA -II -195
Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home
Name of Property
Washington County, MD
Section PHOTO Page 23 County and State
MD WASHINGTONCOUNTY COOLHOLLOWHOUSE00022.JPEG
First floor, library (original kitchen with service fireplace), North.
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section PHOTO Page 24
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
WA -II -195
Cool Hollow House/Emmett's Home
Name of Property
Washington County, MD
County and State
MD WASHINGTONCOUNTY COOLHOLLOWHOUSE00023.JPEG
First floor, kitchen, south.
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section PHOTO Page 25
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
WA -II -195
Cool Hollow House/Emmett's Home
Name of Property
Washington County, MD
County and State
MD_WASFIINGTONC OUNTY_COOLHOLLO W HOUSE_00024. JPEG
First floor, kitchen, west.
NPS Form 10-900-a
(Expires 5-31-2012)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section PHOTO Page 26
OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
WA -l1-195
Cool Hollow House/Emmert's Home
Name of Property
Washington County, MD
County and State
MD WASHINGTONCOUNTY COOLHOLLOWHOUSE_00025JPEG
First floor, kitchen, east,
NATIONAL REGISTER
BULLETIN
Technical information on the the National Register of Historic Places:
survey, evaluation, registration, and preservation of cultural resources
U.S. Department of the Interior
National Park Service
Cultural Resources
National Register, History and Education
How to Apply the National Register
Criteria for Evaluation
The mission of the Department of the Interior is to protect and provide
access to our Nation's natural and cultural heritage and honor our trust
responsibilities to tribes.
The National Park Service preserves unimpaired the natural and cultural
resources and values of the National Park System for the enjoyment, education,
and inspiration of this and future generations. The Park Service cooperates
with partners to extend the benefits of natural and cultural resource
conservation and outdoor recreation throughout this country and the world.
This material is partially based upon work conducted under a cooperative
agreement with the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers
and the U.S. Department of the Interior.
Date of publication: 1990; revised 1991, 1995, 1997. Revised for Internet 1995
Cover
(Top Left) Criterion B - Frederick Douglass Home, Washington, D.C. From 1877-
1899, this was the home of Frederick Douglass, the former slave who rose to become a
prominent author, abolitionist, editor, orator, and diplomat. (Walter Smalling, Jr.)
(Top Right) Criterion D - Francis Canyon Ruin, Blanco vicinity, Rio Arriba
County, New Mexico. A fortified village site composed of 40 masonry -walled rooms
arranged in a cluster of four house blocks. Constructed ca. 1716-1742 for protection
against raiding Utes and Comanches, the site has information potential related to Na-
vajo, Pueblo, and Spanish cultures. (Jon Samuelson)
(Bottom Left) Criterion C - Bridge in Cherrytree Township, Venago County,
Pennsylvania. Built in 1882, this Pratt through truss bridge is significant for engi-
neering as a well preserved example of a type of bridge frequently used in northwestern
Pennsylvania in the late 19th century. (Pennsylvania Department of Transportation)
(Bottom Right) Criterion A - Main StreetlMarket Square Historic District,
Houston, Harris County, Texas. Until well into the 20th century this district marked
the bounds of public and business life in Houston. Constructed between the 1870s and
1920s, the district includes Houston's municipal and county buildings, and served as
the city's wholesale, retail, and financial center. (Paul Hester)
PREFACE
Preserving historic properties as
important reflections of our American
heritage became a national policy
through passage of the Antiquities
Act of 1906, the Historic Sites Act of
1935, and the National Historic Pres-
ervation Act of 1966, as amended.
The Historic Sites Act authorized the
Secretary of the Interior to identify
and recognize properties of national
significance (National Historic Land-
marks) in United States history and
archeology. The National Historic
Preservation Act of 1966 authorized
the Secretary to expand this recogni-
tion to properties of local and State
significance in American history, ar-
chitecture, archeology, engineering,
and culture, and worthy of preserva-
tion. The National Register of His-
toric Places is the official list of these
recognized properties, and is main-
tained and expanded by the National
Park Service on behalf of the Secretary
of the Interionr
The National Register of Historic
Places documents the appearance and
importance of districts, sites, build-
ings, structures, and objects signifi-
cant in our prehistory and history.
These properties represent the major
patterns of our shared local, State,
and national experience. To guide the
selection of properties included in the
National Register, the National Park
Service has developed the National
Register Criteria for Evaluation.
These criteria are standards by which
every property that is nominated to
the National Register is judged. In
addition, the National Park Service
has developed criteria for the recogni-
tion of nationally significant proper-
ties, which are designated National
Historic Landmarks and prehistoric
and historic units of the National Park
System. Both these sets of criteria
were developed to be consistent with
the Secretary of the Interior's Stan-
dards and Guidelines for Archeology and
Historic Preservation, which are uni-
form, national standards for preserva-
tion activities 2
This publication explains how the
National Park Service applies these
criteria in evaluating the wide range
of properties that may be significant
in local, State, and national history.
It should be used by anyone who
must decide if a particular property
qualifies for the National Register of
Historic Places.
Listing properties in the National
Register is an important step in a na-
tionwide preservation process. The
responsibility for the identification,
initial evaluation, nomination, and
treatment of historic resources lies
with private individuals, State historic
preservation offices, and Federal pres-
ervation offices, local governments,
and Indian tribes. The final evalua-
tion and listing of properties in the
National Register is the responsibility
of the Keeper of the National Register.
This bulletin was prepared by staff
of the National Register Branch, Inter-
agency Resources Division, National
Park Service, with the assistance of the
History Division. It was originally is-
sued in draft form in 1982. The draft
was revised into final form by Patrick
W. Andrus, Historian, National Regis-
ter, and edited by Rebecca H.
Shrimpton, Consulting Historian.
Beth L. Savage, National Register
and Sarah Dillard Pope, National Reg-
ister, NCSHPO coordinated the latest
revision of this bulletin. Antionette J.
Lee, Tanya Gossett, and Kira Badamo
coordinated earlier revisions.
'Properties listed in the National Register receive limited Federal protection and certain benefits. For more information concerning the effects of
listing, and how the National Register may be used by the general public and Certified Local Governments, as well as by local, state, and Federal
agencies, and for copies of National Register Bulletins, contact the National Park Service, National Register, 1849 C Street, NW, NC400, Washington,
D.C., 20240. Information may also be obtained by visiting the National Register Web site at www.cr.nps.gov/nr or by contacting any of the historic
preservation offices in the States and territories.
'The Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation are found in the Federal Register, Vol. 48, No. 190
(Thursday, September 29, 1983). A copy can be obtained by writing the National Park Service, Heritage Preservation Services (at the address above).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
Introduction
II. National Register Criteria for Evaluation ..........
III. How to Use this Bulletin to Evaluate a Property ...........
IV. How to Define Categories of Historic Properties ..........
V. How to Evaluate a Property Within its Historic Context ..........................................
.......... i
UnderstandingHistoric Contexts............................................................................................................................................. 7
How to Evaluate a Property Within Its Historic Context..................................................................................................... 7
Properties Significant Within More Than on Historic Context................................................................................... 9
ComparingRelated Properties.......................................................................................................................................... 9
Local, State, and National Historic Contexts.......................................................................................................................... 9
VI. How to Identify the Type of Significance of a Property
11
CriterionB: Person...................................................................................................................................................................14
UnderstandingCriterion B.................................................................................................................................................14
ApplyingCriterion B...........................................................................................................................................................15
Significanceof the Individual..................................................................................................................................15
Associationwith the Property.................................................................................................................................
15
Comparison to Related Properties..........................................................................................................................15
Associationwith Groups..........................................................................................................................................15
Associationwith Living Persons.............................................................................................................................16
Association with Architects/Artisans....................................................................................................................16
NativeAmerican Sites...............................................................................................................................................16
CriterionC: Design/Construction......................................................................................................................................... 17
UnderstandingCriterion C.................................................................................................................................................17
ApplyingCriterion C...........................................................................................................................................................18
ii
Distinctive Characteristics of Type, Period, and Method of Construction..............................................................18
Historic Adaptation of the Original Property..............................................................................................................19
Worksof a Master.............................................................................................................................................................20
Properties Possessing High Artistic Values..................................................................................................................20
CriterionD: Information Potential........................................................................................................................................
21
UnderstandingCriterion D.................................................................................................................................................21
ApplyingCriterion D...........................................................................................................................................................
21
ArcheologicaI Sites.....................................................................................................................................................
21
Buildings, Structures, and Objects..........................................................................................................................
21
Association with Human Activity..........................................................................................................................22
Establishinga Historic Context...............................................................................................................................22
DevelopingResearch Questions..............................................................................................................................
22
Establishing the Presence of Adequate Data.........................................................................................................
23
Integrity.......................................................................................................................................................................
23
Partly Excavated or Disturbed Properties.............................................................................................................23
CompletelyExcavated Sites.....................................................................................................................................24
VII. How to Apply the Criteria Considerations.........................................................................................................................25
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................
25
Criteria Consideration A: Religious Properties...................................................................................................................26
Understanding Criteria Consideration A......................................................................................................................26
Applying Criteria Consideration A...............................................................................................................................
26
Eligibilityfor Historic Events..................................................................................................................................26
Eligibilityfor Historic Persons.................................................................................................................................27
Eligibility for Architectural or Artistic Distinction..............................................................................................28
Eligibility for Information Potential.......................................................................................................................28
Ability to Reflect Historic Associations..................................................................................................................28
Criteria Consideration B: Moved Properties........................................................................................................................29
Understanding Criteria Consideration B......................................................................................................................
29
ApplyingCriteria Consideration B................................................................................................................................29
Eligibilityfor Architectural Value...........................................................................................................................29
Eligibility for Historic Associations........................................................................................................................30
Settingand Environment..........................................................................................................................................
30
AssociationDependent on the Site.........................................................................................................................30
PropertiesDesigned to Be Moved...........................................................................................................................31
ArtificiallyCreated Groupings................................................................................................................................31
Portionsof Properties................................................................................................................................................
31
Criteria Consideration C: Birthplaces and Graves..............................................................................................................32
UnderstandingCriteria Consideration C......................................................................................................................32
Applying Criteria Consideration C................................................................................................................................
32
Personsof Outstanding Importance.......................................................................................................................32
Last Surviving Property Associated with a Person..............................................................................................32
Eligibility for Other Associations............................................................................................................................33
CriteriaConsideration D: Cemeteries...................................................................................................................................34
Understanding Criteria Consideration D......................................................................................................................34
ApplyingCriteria Consideration D...............................................................................................................................34
Persons of Transcendent Importance.....................................................................................................................
34
Eligibilityon the Basis of Age..................................................................................................................................35
Eligibilityfor Design.................................................................................................................................................35
Eligibility for Association with Events...................................................................................................................35
Eligibility for Information Potential.......................................................................................................................35
Integrity.......................................................................................................................................................................
36
NationalCemeteries..................................................................................................................................................
36
Criteria Consideration E: Reconstructed Properties...........................................................................................................37
Understanding Criteria Consideration E......................................................................................................................37
ApplyingCriteria Consideration E................................................................................................................................37
Accuracyof the Reconstruction...............................................................................................................................37
SuitableEnvironment................................................................................................................................................
37
RestorationMaster Plans..........................................................................................................................................38
iii
LastSurviving Property of a Type...............................................................................................................................
38
Reconstructions Older than Fifty Years.......................................................................................................................
38
Criteria Consideration F: Commemorative Properties......................................................................................................
39
Understanding Criteria Consideration F..........................................................................................................................39
ApplyingCriteria Consideration F....................................................................................................................................39
Eligibilityfor Design.................................................................................................................................................
39
Eligibility for Age, Tradition, or Symbolic Value.................................................................................................40
Ineligibility as the Last Representative of an Event or Person...........................................................................
40
Criteria Consideration G: Properties that Have Achieved Significance Within the Past Fifty Years ........................41
Understanding Criteria Consideration G.........................................................................................................................
41
ApplyingCriteria Consideration G...................................................................................................................................
42
Eligibility for Exceptional Importance...................................................................................................................42
HistoricalPerspective................................................................................................................................................
42
42
National Park Service Rustic Architecture............................................................................................................
VeteransAdministration Hospitals........................................................................................................................42
Comparisonwith Related Properties.....................................................................................................................
42
WorldWar II Properties...........................................................................................................................................42
Eligibility for Information Potential.......................................................................................................................43
43
HistoricDistricts........................................................................................................................................................
Properties Over Fifty Years in Age, Under Fifty Years in Significance............................................................43
Requirement to Meet the Criteria, Regardless of Age.........................................................................................
43
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
Howto Evaluate the Integrity of a Property.............................................................................................................. 44
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................................
44
44
Understanding the Aspects of Integrity
Location.................................................................................................................................................
44
Design..........................................................................................................................................................................
44
44
Setting
45
Materials......................................................................................................................................................................
45
Workmanship
45
Feeling..........................................................................................................................................................................
45
Association..................................................................................................................................................................
45
AssessingIntegrity in Properties....................................................................................................................................
Defining the Essential Physical Features...............................................................................................................46
Visibilityof the Physical Features...........................................................................................................................
46
ComparingSimilar Properties.................................................................................................................................
47
Determining the Relevant Aspects of Integrity....................................................................................................48
Summary of the National Historic Landmarks Criteria for Evaluation...............................................................50
Glossary.............................................................................................................................................................................. 53
Listof National Register Bulletins...............................................................................................................................54
iv
I. INTRODUCTION
The National Register is the
nation's inventory of historic places
and the national repository of docu-
mentation on the variety of historic
property types, significance, abun-
dance, condition, ownership, needs,
and other information. It is the begin-
ning of a national census of historic
properties. The National Register Cri-
teria for Evaluation define the scope
of the National Register of Historic
Places; they identify the range of re-
sources and kinds of significance that
will qualify properties for listing in
the National Register. The Criteria
are written broadly to recognize the
wide variety of historic properties as-
sociated with our prehistory and his-
tory.
Decisions concerning the signifi-
cance, historic integrity, documenta-
tion, and treatment of properties can
be made reliably only when the re-
source is evaluated within its historic
context. The historic context serves as
the framework within which the Na-
tional Register Criteria are applied to
specific properties or property types.
(See Part V for a brief discussion of
historic contexts. Detailed guidance
for developing and applying historic
contexts is contained in National Reg-
ister Bulletin: How to Complete the Na-
tional Register Registration Form and
National Register Bulletin: How to Com-
plete the National Register Multiple
Property Documentation Form )
The guidelines provided here are
intended to help you understand the
National Park Service's use of the Cri-
teria for Evaluation, historic contexts,
integrity, and Criteria Considerations,
and how they apply to properties un-
der consideration for listing in the
National Register. Examples are pro-
vided throughout, illustrating specific
circumstances in which properties are
and are not eligible for the National
Register. This bulletin should be used
by anyone who is:
•Preparing to nominate a property
to the National Register,
• Seeking a determination of a
property's eligibility,
• Evaluating the comparable sig-
nificance of a property to those
listed in the National Register, or
• Expecting to nominate a property
as a National Historic Landmark
in addition to nominating it to
the National Register,
This bulletin also contains a sum-
mary of the National Historic Land-
marks Criteria for Evaluation (see
Part IX). National Historic Land-
marks are those districts, sites, build-
ings, structures, and objects desig-
nated by the Secretary of the Interior
as possessing national significance in
American history, architecture, arche-
ology, engineering, and culture., Al-
though National Register documenta-
tion includes a recommendation
about whether a property is signifi-
cant at the local, State, or national
level, the only official designation of
national significance is as a result of
National Historic Landmark designa-
tion by the Secretary of the Interior,
National Monument designation by
the President of the United States, or
establishment as a unit of the National
Park System by Congress. These
properties are automatically listed in
the National Register.
II. THE NATIONAL
REGISTER CRITERIA FOR
EVALUATION
CRITERIA FOR
EVALUATION:3
The quality of significance in
American history, architecture, arche-
ology, engineering, and culture is
present in districts, sites, buildings,
structures, and objects that possess in-
tegrity of location, design, setting, ma-
terials, workmanship, feeling, and as-
sociation, and:
A. That are associated with events that
have made a significant contribu-
tion to the broad patterns of our
history; or
B. That are associated with the lives of
persons significant in our past; or
C. That embody the distinctive
characteristics of a type, period, or
method of construction, or that
represent the work of a master, or
that possess high artistic values, or
that represent a significant and
distinguishable entity whose
components may lack individual
distinction; or
D. That have yielded, or may be likely
to yield, information important in
prehistory or history.
CRITERIA
CONSIDERATIONS:
Ordinarily cemeteries, birthplaces,
or graves of historical figures, proper-
ties owned by religious institutions or
used for religious purposes, structures
that have been moved from their
original locations, reconstructed his-
toric buildings, properties primarily
commemorative in nature, and prop-
erties that have achieved significance
within the past 50 years shall not be
considered eligible for the National
Register. However, such properties
will qualify if they are integral parts of
districts that do meet the criteria or if
they fall within the following catego-
ries:
a. A religious property deriving
primary significance from architec-
tural or artistic distinction or
historical importance; or
b. A building or structure removed
from its original location but which
is significant primarily for architec-
tural value, or which is the surviv-
ing structure most importantly
associated with a historic person or
event; or
c. A birthplace or grave of a historical
figure of outstanding importance
if there is no appropriate site or
building directly associated with
his or her productive life; or
d. A cemetery which derives its
primary significance from graves
of persons of transcendent impor-
tance, from age, from distinctive
design features, or from association
with historic events; or
e. A reconstructed building when
accurately executed in a suitable
environment and presented in a
dignified manner as part of a
restoration master plan, and when
no other building or structure with
the same association has survived;
or
f. A property primarily commemora-
tive in intent if design, age, tradi-
tion, or symbolic value has in-
vested it with its own exceptional
significance; or
g. A property achieving significance
within the past 50 years if it is of
exceptional importance.
3The Criteria for Evaluation are found in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 36, Part 60, and are reprinted herein full.
III. HOW TO USE THIS
BULLETIN TO EVALUATE A
PROPERTY
For a property to qualify for the
National Register it must meet one of
the National Register Criteria for
Evaluation by:
2.
• Being associated with an impor-
tant historic context and
• Retaining historic integrity of
those features necessary to con-
vey its significance.
Information about the property
based on physical examination and
documentary research is necessary to
evaluate a property's eligibility for the
National Register. Evaluation of a
property is most efficiently made
when following this sequence:
1. Categorize the property (Part IV).
A property must be classified as
a district, site, building, structure,
or object for inclusion in the
National Register.
Determine which prehistoric or
historic context(s) the property
represents (Part V). A property
must possess significance in
American history, architecture,
archeology, engineering, or
culture when evaluated within
the historic context of a relevant
geographic area.
3. Determine whether the property
is significant under the National
Register Criteria (Part VI). This
is done by identifying the links to
important events or persons,
design or construction features,
or information potential that
make the property important.
4. Determine if the property repre-
sents a type usually excluded from
the National Register (Part VII).
If so, determine if it meets any of
the Criteria Considerations.
5. Determine whether the property
retains integrity (Part VIII).
Evaluate the aspects of location,
design, setting, workmanship, ma-
terials, feeling, and association
that the property must retain to
convey its historic significance.
If, after completing these steps, the
property appears to qualify for the Na-
tional Register, the next step is to pre-
pare a written nomination. (Refer to
National Register Bulletin: How to
Complete the National Register Registra-
tion Form.)
IV. HOW TO DEFINE
CATEGORIES OF HISTORIC
PROPERTIES
The National Register of Historic
Places includes significant properties,
classified as buildings, sites, districts,
structures, or objects. It is not used to
list intangible values, except in so far
as they are associated with or re-
flected by historic properties. The Na-
tional Register does not list cultural
events, or skilled or talented individu-
als, as is done in some countries.
Rather, the National Register is ori-
ented to recognizing physically con-
crete properties that are relatively
fixed in location.
For purposes of National Register
nominations, small groups of proper-
ties are listed under a single category,
using the primary resource. For ex-
ample, a city hall and fountain would
be categorized by the city hall (build-
ing), a farmhouse with two outbuild-
ings would be categorized by the
farmhouse (building), and a city park
with a gazebo would be categorized
by the park (site). Properties with
large acreage or a number of re-
sources are usually considered dis-
tricts. Common sense and reason
should dictate the selection of catego-
ries.
BUILDING
A building, such as a house, barn,
church, hotel, or similar construc-
tion, is created principally to shelter
any form of human activity. "Build-
ing" may also be used to refer to a
historically and functionally related
unit, such as a courthouse and jail or
a house and barn.
Buildings eligible for the National
Register must include all of their basic
structural elements. Parts of build-
ings, such as interiors, facades, or
wings, are not eligible independent of
the rest of the existing building. The
whole building must be considered,
and its significant features must be
identified.
If a building has lost any of its basic
structural elements, it is usually con-
sidered a "ruin" and is categorized as
a site.
Examples of buildings include:
administration building
carriage house
church
city or town hall
courthouse
detached kitchen, barn, and privy
dormitory
fort
garage
hotel
house
library
mill building
office building
post office
school
social hall
shed
stable
store
theater
train station
STRUCTURE
The term "structure" is used to
distinguish from buildings those
functional constructions made usu-
ally for purposes other than creating
human shelter.
Structures nominated to the
National Register must include all of
the extant basic structural elements.
Parts of structures can not be consid-
ered eligible if the whole structure
remains. For example, a truss bridge
is composed of the metal or wooden
truss, the abutments, and supporting
piers, all of which, if extant, must be
included when considering the
property for eligibility.
If a structure has lost its historic
configuration or pattern of organiza-
tion through deterioration or demoli-
tion, it is usually considered a "ruin"
and is categorized as a site.
Examples of structures include:
aircraft
apiary
automobile
bandstand
boats and ships
bridge
cairn
canal
carousel
corncrib
dam
earthwork
fence
gazebo
grain elevator
highway
irrigation system
kiln
lighthouse
railroad grade
silo
trolley car
tunnel
windmill
OBJECT
The term "object" is used to
distinguish from buildings and
structures those constructions that
are primarily artistic in nature or are
relatively small in scale and simply
constructed. Although it may be, by
nature or design, movable, an object
is associated with a specific setting
or environment.
Small objects not designed for a
specific location are normally not
eligible. Such works include trans-
portable sculpture, furniture, and
other decorative arts that, unlike a
fixed outdoor sculpture, do not
possess association with a specific
place.
Objects should be in a setting
appropriate to their significant
historic use, roles, or character.
Objects relocated to a museum are
inappropriate for listing in the Na-
tional Register.
Examples of objects include
boundary marker
fountain
milepost
monument
scupture
statuary
SITE
A site is the location of a signifi-
cant event, a prehistoric or historic
occupation or activity, or a building
or structure, whether standing,
ruined, or vanished, where the
location itself possesses historic,
cultural, or archeological value
regardless of the value of any exist-
ing structure.
A site can possess associative
significance or information potential
or both, and can be significant under
any or all of the four criteria. A site
need not be marked by physical
remains if it is the location of a
prehistoric or historic event or pattern
of events and if no buildings, struc-
tures, or objects marked it at the time
of the events. However, when the
location of a prehistoric or historic
event cannot be conclusively deter-
mined because no other cultural
materials were present or survive,
documentation must be carefully
evaluated to determine whether the
traditionally recognized or identified
site is accurate.
A site may be a natural landmark
strongly associated with significant
prehistoric or historic events or
patterns of events, if the significance
of the natural feature is well docu-
mented through scholarly research.
Generally, though, the National
Register excludes from the definition
of "site" natural waterways or bodies
of water that served as determinants
in the location of communities or
were significant in the locality's
subsequent economic development.
While they may have been "avenues
of exploration," the features most
appropriate to document this signifi-
cance are the properties built in
association with the waterways.
Examples of sites include
battlefield
campsite
cemeteries significant for information
potential or historic association
ceremonial site
designed landscape
habitation site
natural feature (such as a rock formation)
having cultural significance
petroglyph
rock carving
rock shelter
ruins of a building or structure
shipwreck
trail
village site
DISTRICT
A district possesses a significant
concentration, linkage, or continuity
of sites, buildings, structures, or
objects united historically or aes-
thetically by plan or physical devel-
opment.
CONCENTRATION, LINKAGE, &
CONTINUITY OF FEATURES
A district derives its importance
from being a unified entity, even
though it is often composed of a wide
variety of resources. The identity of a
district results from the interrelation-
ship of its resources, which can
convey a visual sense of the overall
historic environment or be an ar-
rangement of historically or function-
ally related properties. For example, a
district can reflect one principal
activity, such as a mill or a ranch, or it
can encompass several interrelated
activities, such as an area that in-
cludes industrial, residential, or
commercial buildings, sites, struc-
tures, or objects. A district can also be
a grouping of archeological sites
related primarily by their common
components; these types of districts
often will not visually represent a
specific historic environment.
SIGNIFICANCE
A district must be significant, as
well as being an identifiable entity. It
must be important for historical,
architectural, archeological, engineer-
ing, or cultural values. Therefore,
districts that are significant will
usually meet the last portion of
Criterion C plus Criterion A, Criterion
B, other portions of Criterion C, or
Criterion D.
TYPES OF FEATURES
A district can comprise both
features that lack individual distinc-
tion and individually distinctive
features that serve as focal points. It
may even be considered eligible if all
of the components lack individual
distinction, provided that the group-
ing achieves significance as a whole
within its historic context. In either
case, the majority of the components
that add to the district's historic
character, even if they are individu-
ally undistinguished, must possess
integrity, as must the district as a
whole.
A district can contain buildings,
structures, sites, objects, or open
spaces that do not contribute to the
significance of the district. The
number of noncontributing properties
a district can contain yet still convey
its sense of time and place and
historical development depends on
how these properties affect the
district's integrity. In archeological
districts, the primary factor to be
considered is the effect of any distur-
bances on the information potential of
the district as a whole.
GEOGRAPHICAL BOUNDARIES
A district must be a definable
geographic area that can be distin-
guished from surrounding properties
by changes such as density, scale,
type, age, style of sites, buildings,
structures, and objects, or by docu-
mented differences in patterns of
historic development or associations.
It is seldom defined, however, by the
limits of current parcels of ownership,
management, or planning boundaries.
The boundaries must be based upon a
shared relationship among the
properties constituting the district.
DISCONTIGUOUS DISTRICTS
A district is usually a single geo-
graphic area of contiguous historic
properties; however, a district can
also be composed of two or more
definable significant areas separated
by nonsignificant areas. A
discontiguous district is most appro-
priate where:
• Elements are spatially discrete;
• Space between the elements is
not related to the significance of
the district; and
• Visual continuity is not a factor
in the significance.
In addition, a canal can be treated
as a discontiguous district when the
system consists of man-made sections
of canal interspersed with sections of
river navigation. For scattered
archeological properties, a
discontiguous district is appropriate
when the deposits are related to each
other through cultural affiliation,
period of use, or site type.
Ordeman-Shaw Historic District, Montgomery, Montgomery County, Alabama.
Historic districts derive their identity from the interrationship of their resources. Part
of the defining characteristics of this 19th century residential district in Montgomery,
Alabama, is found in the rhythmic pattern of the rows of decorative porches. (Frank L.
Thiermonge, 1II)
It is not appropriate to use the
discontiguous district format to
include an isolated resource or small
group of resources which were once
connected to the district, but have
since been separated either through
demolition or new construction. For
example, do not use the discontiguous
district format to nominate individual
buildings of a downtown commerical
district that have become isolated
through demolition.
Examples of districts iclude:
business districts
canal systems
groups of habitation sites
college campuses
estates and farms with large acreage!
numerous properties
industrial complexes
irrigation systems
residential areas
rural villages
transportation networks
rural historic districts
V. HOW TO EVALUATE A
PROPERTY WITHIN ITS
HISTORIC CONTEXT
UNDERSTANDING
HISTORIC
CONTEXTS
To qualify for the National Regis-
ter, a property must be significant;
that is, it must represent a significant
part of the history, architecture,
archeology, engineering, or culture of
an area, and it must have the charac-
teristics that make it a good represen-
tative of properties associated with
that aspect of the past. This section
explains how to evaluate a property
within its historic context'
The significance of a historic
property can be judged and explained
only when it is evaluated within its
historic context. Historic contexts are
those patterns or trends in history by
which a specific occurrence, property,
or site is understood and its meaning
(and ultimately its significance)
within history or prehistory is made
clear. Historians, architectural
historians, folklorists, archeologists,
and anthropologists use different
words to describe this phenomena
such as trend, pattern, theme, or
cultural affiliation, but ultimately the
concept is the same.
The concept of historic context is
not a new one; it has been fundamen-
tal to the study of history since the
18th century and, arguably, earlier
than that. Its core premise is that
resources, properties, or happenings
in history do not occur in a vacuum
but rather are part of larger trends or
patterns.
In order to decide whether a
property is significant within its
historic context, the following five
things must be determined:
• The facet of prehistory or history
of the local area, State, or the na-
tion that the property represents;
• Whether that facet of prehistory
or history is significant;
• Whether it is a type of property
that has relevance and impor-
tance in illustrating the historic
context;
• How the property illustrates that
history; and finally
• Whether the property possesses
the physical features necessary to
convey the aspect of prehistory
or history with which it is associ-
ated.
These five steps are discussed in
detail below. If the property being
evaluated does represent an impor-
tant aspect of the area's history or
prehistory and possesses the requisite
quality of integrity, then it qualifies
for the National Register.
HOW TO EVALUATE
A PROPERTY
WITHIN ITS
HISTORIC CONTEXT
Identify what the property repre-
sents: the theme(s), geographical
limits, and chronological period that
provide a perspective from which to
evaluate the property's significance.
Historic contexts are historical
patterns that can be identified through
consideration of the history of the
property and the history of the sur-
rounding area. Historic contexts may
have already been defined in your area
by the State historic preservation office,
Federal agencies, or local governments.
In accordance with the National Regis-
ter Criteria, the historic context may
relate to one of the following:
• An event, a series of events or ac-
tivities, or patterns of an area's de-
velopment (Criterion A);
• Association with the life of an im-
portant person (Criterion B);
• A building form, architectural style,
engineering technique, or artistic
values, based on a stage of physical
development, or the use of a mate-
rial or method of construction that
shaped the historic identity of an
area (Criterion C); or
• A research topic (Criterion D).
' For a complete discussion of historic contexts, see National Register Bulletin: Guidelines for Completing National Register of Historic Places
Registration Forms.
Determine how the theme of the
context is significant in the history of
the local area, the State, or the
nation.
A theme is a means of organizing
properties into coherent patterns
based on elements such as environ-
ment, social/ethnic groups, transpor-
tation networks, technology, or
political developments that have
influenced the development of an area
during one or more periods of prehis-
tory or history. A theme is considered
significant if it can be demonstrated,
through scholarly research, to be
important in American history. Many
significant themes can be found in the
following list of Areas of Significance
used by the National Register.
AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE
Agriculture
Architecture
Archeology
Prehistoric
Historic —Aboriginal
Historic —Non -Aboriginal
Art
Commerce
Communications
Community Planning and Development
Conservation
Economics
Education
Engineering
Entertainment/Recreation
Ethnic Heritage
Asian
Black
European
Hispanic
Native American
Pacific Islander
Other
Exploration/Settlement
Health/Medicine
Industry
Invention
Landscape Architecture
Law
Literature
Maritime History
Military
Performing Arts
Philosophy
Politics/Government
Religion
Science
Social History
Transportation
Other
Determine what the property type
is and whether it is important in
illustrating the historic context.
A context may be represented by a
variety of important property types.
For example, the context of "Civil
War Military Activity in Northern
Virginia" might be represented by
such properties as: a group of mid -
19th century fortification structures;
an open field where a battle occurred;
a knoll from which a general directed
troop movements; a sunken transport
ship; the residences or public build-
ings that served as company head-
quarters; a railroad bridge that served
as a focal point for a battle; and
earthworks exhibiting particular
construction techniques.
Because a historic context for a
community can be based on a distinct
period of development, it might
include numerous property types.
For example, the context "Era of
Industrialization in Grand Bay,
Michigan, 1875 - 1900" could be
represented by important property
types as diverse as sawmills, paper
mill sites, salt refining plants, flour
mills, grain elevators, furniture
factories, workers housing, commer-
cial buildings, social halls, schools,
churches, and transportation facilities.
A historic context can also be based
on a single important type of prop-
erty. The context "Development of
County Government in Georgia,
1777 - 1861" might be represented
solely by courthouses. Similarly,
"Bridge Construction in Pittsburgh,
1870 - 1920" would probably only
have one property type.
Determine how the property
represents the context through
specific historic associations, archi-
tectural or engineering values, or
information potential (the Criteria
for Evaluation).
For example, the context of county
government expansion is represented
under Criterion A by historic districts
or buildings that reflect population
growth, development patterns, the
role of government in that society,
and political events in the history of
the State, as well as the impact of
county government on the physical
development of county seats. Under
Criterion C, the context is represented
by properties whose architectural
treatments reflect their governmental
functions, both practically and
symbolically. (See Part Vt: How to
Identify the Type of Significance of a
Property.)
Determine what physical features
the property must possess in order
for it to reflect the significance of the
historic context.
These physical features can be
determined after identifying the
following:
• Which types of properties are as-
sociated with the historic context,
• The ways in which properties can
represent the theme, and
• The applicable aspects of integ-
rity.
Properties that have the defined
characteristics are eligible for listing.
(See Part VIII: How to Evaluate the
Integrity of a Property.)
PROPERTIES SIGNIFICANT
WITHIN MORE THAN ONE
HISTORIC CONTEXT
A specific property can be signifi-
cant within one or more historic
contexts, and, if possible, all of these
should be identified. For example, a
public building constructed in the
1830s that is related to the historic
context of Civil War campaigns in the
area might also be related to the
theme of political developments in the
community during the 1880s. A
property is only required, however, to
be documented as significant in one
context.
COMPARING RELATED
PROPERTIES
Properties listed in the National
Register must possess significance
when evaluated in the perspective of
their historic context. Once the
historic context is established and the
property type is determined, it is not
necessary to evaluate the property in
question against other properties if:
• It is the sole example of a prop-
erty type that is important in il-
lustrating the historic context or
• It clearly possesses the defined
characteristics required to
strongly represent the context.
If these two conditions do not
apply, then the property will have to
be evaluated against other examples
of the property type to determine its
eligibility. The geographic level
(local, State, or national) at which this
evaluation is made is the same as the
level of the historic context. (See Part
V: How to Evaluate a Property Within
Its Historic Context.)
LOCAL, STATE,
AND NATIONAL
HISTORIC
CONTEXTS
Historic contexts are found at a
variety of geographical levels or
scales. The geographic scale selected
may relate to a pattern of historical
development, a political division, or a
cultural area. Regardless of the scale,
the historic context establishes the
framework from which decisions
about the significance of related
properties can be made.
LOCAL HISTORIC
CONTEXTS
A local historic context represents
an aspect of the history of a town,
city, county, cultural area, or region,
or any portions thereof. It is defined
by the importance of the property, not
necessarily the physical location of the
property. For instance, if a property
is of a type found throughout a State,
or its boundaries extend over two
States, but its importance relates only
to a particular county, the property
would be considered of local signifi-
cance.
The level of context of archeologi-
cal sites significant for their informa-
tion potential depends on the scope of
the applicable research design. For
example, a Late Mississippian village
site may yield information in a
research design concerning one
settlement system on a regional scale,
while in another research design it
may reveal information of local
importance concerning a single
group's stone tool manufacturing
techniques or house forms. It is a
question of how the available infor-
mation potential is likely to be used.
STATE HISTORIC
CONTEXTS
Properties are evaluated in a State
context when they represent an aspect
of the history of the State as a whole
(or American Samoa, the District of
Columbia, the Commonwealth of the
Northern Mariana Islands, Guam,
Puerto Rico, or the Virgin Islands).
These properties do not necessarily
have to belong to property types
found throughout the entire State:
they can be located in only a portion
of the State's present political bound-
ary. It is the property's historic
context that must be important
statewide. For example, the "cotton
belt" extends through only a portion
of Georgia, yet its historical develop-
ment in the antebellum period af-
fected the entire State. These State
historic contexts may have associated
properties that are statewide or
locally significant representations. A
cotton gin in a small town might be a
locally significant representation of
this context, while one of the largest
cotton producing plantations might
be of State significance.
A property whose historic associa-
tions or information potential appears
to extend beyond a single local area
might be significant at the State level.
A property can be significant to more
than one community or local area,
however, without having achieved
State significance.
A property that overlaps several
State boundaries can possibly be
significant to the State or local history
of each of the States. Such a property
is not necessarily of national signifi-
cance, however, nor is it necessarily
significant to all of the States in which
it is located.
Prehistoric sites are not often
considered to have "State" signifi-
cance, per se, largely because States
are relatively recent political entities
and usually do not correspond closely
to Native American political territo-
ries or cultural areas. Numerous sites,
however, may be of significance to a
large region that might geographi-
cally encompass parts of one, or
usually several, States. Prehistoric
resources that might be of State
significance include regional sites that
provide a diagnostic assemblage of
artifacts for a particular cultural
group or time period or that provide
chronological control (specific dates
or relative order in time) for a series
of cultural groups.
NATIONAL HISTORIC
CONTEXTS
Properties are evaluated in a
national context when they represent
an aspect of the history of the United
States and its territories as a whole.
These national historic contexts may
have associated properties that are
locally or statewide significant
representations, as well as those of
national significance.
Properties designated as nationally
significant and listed in the National
Register are the prehistoric and
historic units of the National Park
System and those properties that have
been designated National Historic
Landmarks. The National Historic
Landmark criteria are the standards
for nationally significant properties',
they are found in the Code of Federal
Regulations, Title 36, Part 65 and are
summarized in this bulletin in Part IX:
Summary of National Historic Land-
marks Criteria for Evaluation.
A property with national signifi-
cance helps us understand the history
of the nation by illustrating the
nationwide impact of events or
persons associated with the property,
its architectural type or style, or
information potential. It must be of
exceptional value in representing or
illustrating an important theme in the
history of the nation.
Nationally significant properties
do not necessarily have to belong to a
property type found throughout the
entire country: they can be located in
only a portion of the present political
boundaries. It is their historic context
that must be important nationwide.
For example, the American Civil War
was fought in only a portion of the
United States, yet its impact was
nationwide. The site of a small
military skirmish might be a locally
significant representation of this
national context, while the capture of
the State's largest city might be a
statewide significant representation
of the national context.
When evaluating properties at the
national level for designation as a
National Historic Landmark, please
refer to the National Historic Land-
marks outline, History and Prehistory
in the National Park System and the
National Historic Landmarks Program
1987. (For more information about
the National Historic Landmarks
program, please write to the Depart-
ment of the Interior, National Park
Service, National Historic Land-
marks, 1849 C Street, NW, NC400,
Washington, DC 20240.)
10
VI. HOW TO IDENTIFY THE
TYPE OF SIGNIFICANCE OF A
PROPERTY
INTRODUCTION
When evaluated within its historic
context, a property must be shown to
be significant for one or more of the four
Criteria for Evaluation - A, B, C, or D
(listed earlier in Part II). The Criteria
describe how properties are signifi-
cant for their association with impor-
tant events or persons, for their
importance in design or construction,
or for their information potential.
The basis for judging a property's
significance and, ultimately, its
eligibility under the Criteria is historic
context. The use of historic context
allows a property to be properly
evaluated in a nearly infinite number
of capacities. For instance, Criterion
C: Design/Construction can accom-
modate properties representing
construction types that are unusual or
widely practiced, that are innovative
or traditional, that are "high style" or
vernacular, that are the work of a
famous architect or an unknown
master craftsman. The key to determin-
ing whether the characteristics or associa-
tions of a particular property are signifi-
cant is to consider the properly within its
historic context.
After identifying the relevant
historic context(s) with which the
property is associated, the four
Criteria are applied to the property.
Within the scope of the historic
context, the National Register Criteria
define the kind of significance that the
properties represent.
For example, within the context of
"19th Century Gunpowder Produc-
tion in the Brandywine Valley,"
Criterion A would apply to those
properties associated with important
events in the founding and develop-
ment of the industry. Criterion B
would apply to those properties
associated with persons who are
significant in the founding of the
industry or associated with important
inventions related to gunpowder
manufacturing. Criterion C would
apply to those buildings, structures,
or objects whose architectural form or
style reflect important design qualities
integral to the industry. And Crite-
rion D would apply to properties that
can convey information important in
our understanding of this industrial
process. If a property qualifies under
more than one of the Criteria, its
significance under each should be
considered, if possible, in order to
identify all aspects of its historical
value.
NATIONAL REGISTER
CRITERIA FOR
EVALUATION*
The National Register Criteria
recognize different types of values
embodied in districts, sites, buildings,
structures, and objects. These values
fall into the following categories:
Associative value (Criteria A and
B): Properties significant for their
association or linkage to events
(Criterion A) or persons (Criterion B)
important in the past.
Design or Construction value
(Criterion C): Properties significant
as representatives of the manmade
expression of culture or technology.
Information value (Criterion D):
Properties significant for their ability
to yield important information about
prehistory or history.
'For a complete listing of the Criteria for
Evaluation, refer to Part II of this bulletin.
11
CRITERION A: EVENT
Properties can be eligible for the National Register if they are associated with events that have made a significant
contribution to the broad patterns of our history.
UNDERSTANDING
CRITERION A:
EVENT
To be considered for listing under
Criterion A, a property must be
associated with one or more events
important in the defined historic
context. Criterion A recognizes
properties associated with single
events, such as the founding of a
town, or with a pattern of events,
repeated activities, or historic trends,
such as the gradual rise of a port city's
prominence in trade and commerce.
The event or trends, however, must
clearly be important within the
associated context: settlement, in the
case of the town, or development of a
maritime economy, in the case of the
port city. Moreover, the property
must have an important association
with the event or historic trends, and
it must retain historic integrity. (See
Part V: How to Evaluate a Property
Within its Historic Context.)
Several steps are involved in
determining whether a property is
significant for its associative values:
• Determine the nature and origin
of the property,
• Identify the historic context with
which it is associated, and
• Evaluate the property's history to
determine whether it is associ-
ated with the historic context in
any important way.
APPLYING EXAMPLES OF PROPERTIES
ASSOCIATED WITH EVENTS
CRITERION A:
EVENT
TYPES OF EVENTS
A property can be associated with
either (or both) of two types of events:
• A specific event marking an im-
portant moment in American pre-
history or history and
• A pattern of events or a historic
trend that made a significant con-
tribution to the development of a
community, a State, or the nation.
Refer to the sidebar on the right for
a list of specific examples.
ASSOCIATION OF THE
PROPERTY WITH THE
EVENTS
The property you are evaluating
must be documented, through ac-
cepted means of historical or archeo-
logical research (including oral
history), to have existed at the time of
the event or pattern of events and to
have been associated with those
events. A property is not eligible if its
associations are speculative. For
archeological sites, well reasoned
inferences drawn from data recovered
at the site can be used to establish the
association between the site and the
events.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
ASSOCIATION
Mere association with historic
events or trends is not enough, in and
of itself, to qualify under Criterion A:
the property's specific association
must be considered important as well.
For example, a building historically in
commercial use must be shown to
have been significant in commercial
history.
Properties associated with specific events:
• The site of a battle.
• The building in which an important
invention was developed.
• A factory district where a significant
strike occurred.
• An archeological site at which a ma-
jor new aspect of prehistory was dis-
covered, such as the first evidence of
man and extinct Pleistocene animals
being contemporaneous.
• A site where an important facet of
European exploration occurred.
Properties associated with a pattern of
events:
• A trail associated with western mi-
gration.
• A railroad station that served as the
focus of a community's transporta-
tion system and commerce.
• A mill district reflecting the impor-
tance of textile manufacturing dur-
ing a given period.
• A building used by an important lo-
cal social organization.
• A site where prehistoric Native
Americans annually gathered for
seasonally available resources and
for social interaction.
• A downtown district representing a
town's growth as the commercial fo-
cus of the surrounding agricultural
area.
17
TRADITIONAL CULTURAL
VALUES
Traditional cultural significance is
derived from the role a property plays
in a community's historically rooted
beliefs, customs, and practices.
Properties may have significance
under Criterion A if they are associ-
ated with events, or series of events,
significant to the cultural traditions of
a community.5
Eligible
• A hilltop associated in oral his-
torical accounts with the
founding of an Indian tribe or
society is eligible.
• A rural community can be eli-
gible whose organization,
buildings, or patterns of
land use reflect the cultural
traditions valued by its long-
term residents.
• An urban neighborhood can
be eligible as the traditional
home of a particular cultural
group and as a reflection of its
beliefs and practices.
Not Eligible
• A site viewed as sacred by a
recently established utopian or
religious community does not
have traditional cultural value
and is not eligible.
criterion A - The Old Brulay Plantation, Brownsville vicinity, Cameron county,
Texas, Historically significant for its association with the development of agriculture
in southeast Texas, this complex of 10 brick buildings was constructed by George N.
Brulay, a French immigrant who introduced commercial sugar production and
irrigation to the Rio Grande Valley. (Photo by Texas Historical Commission).
'For more information, refer to National Register Bulletin: Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties.
13
CRITERION B: PERSON
Properties may be eligible for the National Register if they are associated with the lives of persons significant in our
past.
UNDERSTANDING
CRITERION B:
PERSON6
Criterion B applies to properties
associated with individuals whose
specific contributions to history can
be identified and documented:
Persons "significant in our past"
refers to individuals whose activities
are demonstrably important within a
local, State, or national historic
context. The criterion is generally
restricted to those properties that
illustrate (rather than commemorate)
a person's important achievements.
(The policy regarding commemora-
Five properties, birthplaces, and
graves is explained further in Part
VIII: How to Apply the Criteria Consid-
erations.)
Several steps are involved in
determining whether a property is
significant for its associative values
under Criterion B. First, determine
the importance of the individual.
Second, ascertain the length and
nature of his/her association with the
property under study and identify the
other properties associated with the
individual. Third, consider the
property under Criterion B, as
outlined below.
EXAMPLES OF PROPERTIES
ASSOCIATED WITH PERSONS
Properties associated with a Significant
Person:
• The home of an important merchant
or labor leader.
• The studio o f a significant artist.
• The business headquarters of an im-
portant industrialist.
Criterion B - The William Whitney House, Hinsdale, DuPage County, Illinois.
This building is locally significant for its historical association with William Whitney,
the founder of the town of Hinsdale, Illinois. Whitney, a citizen of New York State,
moved to Illinois, established the town, and while living here between 1870 and 1879
was a prominent local businessman and politician. (Photo by Frederick C. Cue).
'For further information on properties eligible under Criterion B, refer to National Register Bulletin: Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting
Properties Associated with Significant Persons.
14
APPLYING ASSOCIATION WITH THE ASSOCIATION WITH
PROPERTY GROUPS
CRITERION B:
PERSON
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
INDIVIDUAL
The persons associated with the
property must be individually signifi-
cant within a historic context. A
property is not eligible if its only
justification for significance is that it
was owned or used by a person who
is a member of an identifiable profes-
sion, class, or social or ethnic group.
It must be shown that the person
gained importance within his or her
profession or group.
Eligible
• The residence of a doctor, a
mayor, or a merchant is eli-
gible tinder Criterion B if the
person was significant in the
field of medicine, politics, or
commerce, respectively.
Not Eligible
• A property is not eligible un-
der Criterion B if it is associ-
ated with an individual about
whom no scholarly judgement
can be made because either re-
search has not revealed spe-
cific information about the
person's activities and their
impact, or there is insufficient
perspective to determine
whether those activities or
contributions were historically
important.
Properties eligible under Criterion
B are usually those associated with a
person's productive life, reflecting the
time period when he or she achieved
significance. In some instances this
may be the persons home; in other
cases, a person's business, office,
laboratory, or studio may best repre-
sent his or her contribution. Proper-
ties that pre- or post-date an
individual's significant accomplish-
ments are usually not eligible. (See
Comparison to Related Properties, below,
for exceptions to this rule.)
The individual's association with
the property must be documented by
accepted methods of historical or
archeological research, including
written or oral history. Speculative
associations are not acceptable. For
archeological sites, well reasoned
inferences drawn from data recovered
at the site are acceptable.
COMPARISON TO RELATED
PROPERTIES
Each property associated with an
important individual should be
compared to other associated proper-
ties to identify those that best repre-
sent the person's historic contribu-
tions. The best representatives
usually are properties associated with
the person's adult or productive life.
Properties associated with an
individual's formative or later years
may also qualify if it can be demon-
strated that the person's activities
during this period were historically
significant or if no properties from the
person's productive years survives.
Length of association is an important
factor when assessing several proper-
ties with similar associations.
A community or State may contain
several properties eligible for associa-
tions with the same important person,
if each represents a different aspect of
the person's productive life. A
property can also be eligible if it has
brief but consequential associations
with an important individual. (Such
associations are often related to
specific events that occurred at the
property and, therefore, it may also be
eligible under Criterion A.)
For properties associated with
several community leaders or with a
prominent family, it is necessary to
identify specific individuals and to
explain their significant accomplish-
ments.
Eligible
• A residential district in which a
large number of prominent or
influential merchants, profes-
sionals, civic leaders, politi-
cians, etc., lived will be eligible
under Criterion B if the signifi-
cance of one or more specific
individual residents is explic-
itly justified.
• A building that served as the
seat of an important family is
eligible under Criterion B if the
significant accomplishments of
one or more individual family
members is explicitly justified.
Not Eligible
• A residential district in which a
large number of influential per-
sons lived is not eligible under
Criterion B if the accomplish-
ments of a specific indivi-
dual(s) cannot be documented.
If the significance of the district
rests in the cumulative impor-
tance of prominent residents,
however, then the district
might still be eligible under
Criterion A. Eligibility, in this
case, would be based on the
broad pattern of community
development, through which
the neighborhood evolved into
the primary residential area for
this class of citizens.
A building that served as the
seat of an important family will
not be eligible under Criterion
B if the significant accomplish-
ments of individual family
members cannot be docu-
mented. In cases where a suc-
cession of family members
have lived in a house and col-
lectively have had a demon-
strably significant impact on
the community, as a family, the
house is more likely to be sig-
nificant under Criterion A for
association with a pattern of
events.
15
ASSOCIATION WITH
LIVING PERSONS
Properties associated with living
persons are usually not eligible for
inclusion in the National Register.
Sufficient time must have elapsed to
assess both the person's field of
endeavor and his/her contribution to
that field. Generally, the person's
active participation in the endeavor
must be finished for this historic
perspective to emerge. (See Criteria
Considerations C and G in Part VII:
How to Apply the Criteria Consider-
ations.)
ASSOCIATION WITH
ARCHITECTS/ARTISANS
Architects, artisans, artists, and
engineers are often represented by
their works, which are eligible under
Criterion C. Their homes and studios,
however, can be eligible for consider-
ation under Criterion B, because these
usually are the properties with which
they are most personally associated.
NATIVE AMERICAN SITES
The known major villages of
individual Native Americans who
were important during the contact
period or later can qualify under
Criterion B. As with all Criterion B
properties, the individual associated
with the property must have made
some specific important contribution
to history. Examples include sites
significantly associated with Chief
Joseph and Geronimo 7
IA
' For more information, refer to National Register Bulletirc Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties.
CRITERION C:
DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION
properties maybe eligible for the National Register if they embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or
method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a
significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction.
Richland Plantation, East Feliciana Parish, Louisiana. Properties can qualify under
Criterion C as examples of high style architecture, Built in the 1830s, Richland is a
fine example of a Federal style residence with a Greek Revival style portico. (Photo by
Dave Gleason).
UNDERSTANDING
CRITERION C:
DESIGN/
CONSTRUCTION
This criterion applies to properties
significant for their physical design or
construction, including such elements
as architecture, landscape architec-
ture, engineering, and artwork. To be
eligible under Criterion C, a property
must meet at least one of the following
requirements:
• Embody distinctive characteris-
tics of a type, period, or method
of construction.
• Represent the work of a master.
• Possess high artistic value.
• Represent a significant and dis-
tinguishable entity whose com-
portents may lack individual dis-
tinction.
The first requirement, that proper-
ties "embody the distinctive charac-
teristics of a type, period, or method
of construction," refers to the way in
which a property was conceived,
designed, or fabricated by a people or
culture in past periods of history.
"The work of a master" refers to the
technical or aesthetic achievements of
an architect or craftsman. "High
artistic values" concerns the expres-
sion of aesthetic ideals or preferences
and applies to aesthetic achievement.
Resources "that represent a signifi-
cant and distinguishable entity whose
components may lack individual dis-
tinction" are called "districts." In the
Criteria for Evaluation (as published
in the Code of Federal Regulations and
reprinted here in Part II), districts are
defined within the context of Crite-
rion C. Districts, however, can be con-
sidered for eligibility under all the Crite-
ria, individually or in any combina-
tion, as is appropriate. For this rea-
son, the full discussion of districts is
contained in Part IV: How to Define
Categories of Historic Properties.
Throughout the bulletin, however,
districts are mentioned within the
context of a specific subject, such as
an individual Criterion.
Grant Family House, Saco vicinity,
York County, Maine. Properties
possessing high artistic value meet
Criterion C through the expression of
aesthetic ideals or preferences. The Grant
Family House, a modest Federal style
residence, is significant for its remarkably
well-preserved stenciled wall decorative
treatment in the entry hall and parlor.
Painted by an unknown artist ca. 1825,
this is a fine example of 19th century New
England regional artistic expression.
(Photo by Kirk F. Mohney).
17
EXAMPLES OF PROPERTIES
ASSOCIATED WITH DESIGN/
CONSTRUCTION
Properties associated with design and
construction:
• A house or commercial building rep-
resenting a significant style of archi-
tecture.
• A designed park or garden associated
with a particular landscape design
philosophy.
• A movie theater embodying high ar-
tistic value in its decorative features.
• A bridge or dam representing techno-
logical advances.
APPLYING
CRITERION C:
DESIGN/
CONSTRUCTION
DISTINCTIVE
CHARACTERISTICS OF
TYPE, PERIOD, AND
METHOD OF
CONSTRUCTION
This is the portion of Criterion C
under which most properties are
eligible, for it encompasses all archi-
tectural styles and construction
practices. To be eligible under this
portion of the Criterion, a property
must clearly illustrate, through
"distinctive characteristics," the
following:
• The pattern of features common
to a particular class of resources,
• The individuality or variation of
features that occurs within the
class,
• The evolution of that class, or
• The transition between classes of
resources.
Distinctive Characteristics: "Dis-
tinctive characteristics" are the physi-
cal features or traits that commonly
recur in individual types, periods, or
methods of construction. To be
eligible, a property must clearly
contain enough of those characteristics
to be considered a true representative
of a particular type, period, or method
of construction.
Characteristics can be expressed in
terms such as form, proportion, struc-
ture, plan, style, or materials. They
can be general, referring to ideas of
design and construction such as basic
plan or form, or they can be specific,
referring to precise ways of combining
particular kinds of materials.
Eligible
• A building eligible under the
theme of Gothic Revival archi-
tecture must have the distinc-
tive characteristics that make
up the vertical and picturesque
qualities of the style, such as
pointed gables, steep roof
pitch, board and batten siding,
and ornamental bargeboard
and veranda trim.
• A late Mississippian village
that illustrates the important
concepts in prehistoric
community design and plan-
ning will qualify.
• A designed historic landscape
will qualify if it reflects a his-
toric trend or school of theory
and practice, such as the City
Beautiful Movement, evidenc-
ingdistinguished design, lay-
out, and the work of skilled
craftsmanship.
Not Eligible
• A commercial building with
some Art Deco detailing is not
eligible under Criterion C if the
detailing was added merely as
an afterthought, rather than
fully integrated with overall
lines and massing typical of the
Art Deco style or the transition
between that and another style.
• A designed landscape that has
had major changes to its his-
toric design, vegetation, origi-
nal boundary, topography/
grading, architectural features,
and circulation system will not
qualify.
Type, Period, and Method of
Construction: "Type, period, or
method of construction" refers to the
way certain properties are related to
one another by cultural tradition or
function, by dates of construction or
style, or by choice or availability of
materials and technology.
A structure is eligible as a speci-
men of its type or period of construc-
tion if it is an important example
(within its context) of building
practices of a particular time in
history. For properties that represent
the variation, evolution, or transition
of construction types, it must be
demonstrated that the variation, etc.,
was an important phase of the archi-
tectural development of the area or
community in that it had an impact as
evidenced by later buildings. A
property is not eligible, however,
simply because it has been identified
as the only such property ever fabri-
cated; it must be demonstrated to be
significant as well.
Eligible
• A building that has some char-
acteristics of the Romanesque
Revival style and some charac-
teristics of the Commercial
style can qualify if it illustrates
the transition of architectural
design and the transition itself
is considered an important ar-
chitectural development.
• A Hopewellian mound, if it is
an important example of
mound building construction
techniques, would qualify as a
method or type of construc-
tion.
• A building which illustrates
the early or the developing
technology of particular
structural systems, such as
skeletal steel framing, is eli-
gible as an example of a
particular method of construc-
tion.
18
Swan Falls Dam and Power Plant, Murphy Vicinity, Ada County, Idaho.
Significant works of engineering can qualify under Criterion C. Built between 2900-
1907 the Swan Falls Dam and Power Plant across the Snake River is one of the early
hydroelectric plants in the State of Idaho. (Photo by H.L. Hough).
Looney House, Asheville vicinity, St. Clair County, Alabama. Examples of
vernacular styles of architecture can qualify under Criterion C. Built ca. 1818, the
Looney House is significant as possibly the State's oldest extant two-story dogtrot type
of dwelling. The defining open center passage of the dogtrot was a regional building
response to the southern climate. (Photo by Carolyn Scott).
HISTORIC ADAPTATION OF
THE ORIGINAL PROPERTY
A property can be significant not
only for the way it was originally
constructed or crafted, but also for the
way it was adapted at a later period,
or for the way it illustrates changing
tastes, attitudes, and uses over a
period of time.
A district is eligible under this
guideline if it illustrates the evolution
of historic character of a place over a
particular span of time.
Eligible
• A Native American irrigation
system modified for use by
Europeans could be eligible if
it illustrates the technology of
either or both periods of con-
struction.
• An early 19th century farm-
house modified in the 1880s
with Queen Anne style orna-
mentation could be significant
for the modification itself, if it
represented a local variation
or significant trend in building
construction or remodelling,
was the work of a local master
(see Works of a Master on page
20), or reflected the tastes of an
important person associated
with the property at the time
of its alteration.
• A district encompassing the
commercial development of a
town between 1820 and 1910,
characterized by buildings of
various styles and eras, can be
eligible.
•r
WORKS OF A MASTER
A master is a figure of generally
recognized greatness in a field, a
known craftsman of consummate
skill, or an anonymous craftsman
whose work is distinguishable from
others by its characteristic style and
quality. The property must express a
particular phase in the development
of the master's career, an aspect of his
or her work, or a particular idea or
theme in his or her craft.
A property is not eligible as the
work of a master, however, simply
because it was designed by a promi-
nent architect. For example, not every
building designed by Frank Lloyd
Wright is eligible under this portion
of Criterion C, although it might meet
other portions of the Criterion, for
instance as a representative of the
Prairie style.
The work of an unidentified
craftsman is eligible if it rises above
the level of workmanship of the other
properties encompassed by the
historic context.
PROPERTIES POSSESSING
HIGH ARTISTIC VALUES
High artistic values may be ex-
pressed in many ways, including
areas as diverse as community design
or planning, engineering, and sculp-
ture. A property is eligible for its
high artistic values if it so fully
articulates a particular concept of
design that it expresses an aesthetic
ideal. A property is not eligible,
however, if it does not express
aesthetic ideals or design concepts
more fully than other properties of its
type.
Eligible
• A sculpture in a town square
that epitomizes the design
principles of the Art Deco style
is eligible.
• A building that is a classic ex-
pression of the design theories
of the Craftsman Style, such as
carefully detailed handwork,
is eligible.
• A landscaped park that syn-
thesizes early 20th century
principles of landscape archi-
tecture and expresses an aes-
thetic ideal of environment can
be eligible.
• Properties that are important
representatives of the aesthetic
values of a cultural group,
such as petroglyphs and
ground drawings by Native
Americans, are eligible.
Not Eligible
• A sculpture in a town square
that is a typical example of
sculpture design during its pe-
riod would not qualify for
high artistic value, although it
might be eligible if it were sig-
nificant for other reasons.
• A building that is a modest ex-
ample (within its historic con-
text) of the Craftsman Style of
architecture, or a landscaped
park that is characteristic of
turn of the century landscape
design would not qualify for
high artistic value.
A Significant and Distinguishable
Entity Whose Components May Lack
Individual Distinction. This portion
of Criterion C refers to districts. For
detailed information on districts, refer
to Part IV of this bulletin.
711
CRITERION D: INFORMATION
POTENTIAL
Properties may be eligible for the National Register if they have yielded, or maybe likely to yield, information im-
portant in prehistory or history.
UNDERSTANDING
CRITERION D:
INFORMATION
POTENTIAL
Certain important research ques-
tions about human history can only be
answered by the actual physical
material of cultural resources. Crite-
rion D encompasses the properties
that have the potential to answer, in
whole or in part, those types of
research questions. The most com-
mon type of property nominated
under this Criterion is the archeologi-
cal site (or a district comprised of
archeological sites). Buildings,
objects, and structures (or districts
comprised of these property types),
however, can also be eligible for their
information potential.
Criterion D has two requirements,
which must both be met for a property
to qualify:
• The property must have, or have
had, information to contribute to
our understanding of human his-
tory or prehistory, and
• The information must be consid-
ered important.
Under the first of these require-
ments, a property is eligible if it has
been used as a source of data and
contains more, as yet unretrieved
data. A property is also eligible if it
has not yet yielded information but,
through testing or research, is deter-
mined a likely source of data.
Under the second requirement, the
information must be carefully evalu-
ated within an appropriate context to
determine its importance. Informa-
tion is considered "important" when
it is shown to have a significant
bearing on a research design that
addresses such areas as: 1) current
data gaps or alternative theories that
challenge existing ones or 2) priority
areas identified under a State or
Federal agency management plan.
APPLYING
CRITERION D:
INFORMATION
POTENTIAL
ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES
Criterion D most commonly
applies to properties that contain or
are likely to contain information
bearing on an important archeological
research question. The property must
have characteristics suggesting the
likelihood that it possesses configura-
tions of artifacts, soil strata, structural
remains, or other natural or cultural
features that make it possible to do
the following:
• Test a hypothesis or hypotheses
about events, groups, or pro-
cesses in the past that bear on im-
portant research questions in the
social or natural sciences or the
humanities; or
• Corroborate or amplify currently
available information suggesting
that a hypothesis is either true or
false; or
• Reconstruct the sequence of ar-
cheological cultures for the pur-
pose of identifying and explain-
ing continuities and discontinu-
ities in the archeological record
for a particular area.
BUILDINGS, STRUCTURES,
AND OBJECTS
While most often applied to
archeological districts and sites,
Criterion D can also apply to build-
ings, structures, and objects that
contain important information. In
order for these types of properties to
be eligible under Criterion D, they
themselves must be, or must have
been, the principal source of the
important information.
Eligible
• A building exhibiting a local
variation on a standard design
or construction technique can
be eligible if study could yield
important information, such as
how local availability of mate-
rials or construction expertise
affected the evolution of local
building development.
Not Eligible
• The ruins of a hacienda once
contained murals that have
since been destroyed. Histori-
cal documentation, however,
indicates that the murals were
significant for their highly un-
usual design. The ruins can
not be eligible under Criterion
D for the importance of the de-
stroyed murals if the informa-
tion is contained only in the
documentation.
21
Criterion D - Champe-Fremont 1 Archeological Site, Omalm vicinity, Douglas
County, Nebraska. This archeological site, dating from ca. 1100-1450 A.D., consists of
pit houses and storage pits which have the potential to yield important information
concerning the subsistence patterns, religious and mortuary practices, and social
organization of the prehistoric residents of eastern Nebraska. (Nebraska State
Historical Society)
ASSOCIATION WITH
HUMAN ACTIVITY
A property must be associated with
human activity and be critical for
understanding a site's historic environ-
ment in order to be eligible under
Criterion D. A property can be linked
to human activity through events,
processes, institutions, design, con-
struction, settlement, migration, ideals,
beliefs, lifeways, and other facets of the
development or maintenance of
cultural systems.
The natural environment associated
with the properties was often very
different from that of the present and
strongly influenced cultural develop-
ment. Aspects of the environment that
are pertinent to human activities
should be considered when evaluating
properties under Criterion D.
Natural features and paleontological
(floral and faunal) sites are not usually
eligible under Criterion D in and of
themselves. They can be eligible,
however, if they are either directly
related to human activity or critical to
understanding a site's historic environ-
ment. In a few cases, a natural feature
or site unmarked by cultural materials,
that is primarily eligible under Crite-
rion A, may also be eligible under
Criterion D, if study of the feature, or
its location, setting, etc. (usually in the
context of data gained from other
sources), will yield important informa-
tion about the event or period with
which it is associated.
ESTABLISHING A HISTORIC
CONTEXT
The information that a property
yields, or will yield, must be evalu-
ated within an appropriate historic
context. This will entail consulting
the body of information already
collected from similar properties or
other pertinent sources, including
modern and historic written records.
The researcher must be able to
anticipate if and how the potential
information will affect the definition
of the context. The information likely
to be obtained from a particular
property must confirm, refute, or
supplement in an important way
existing information.
A property is not eligible if it
cannot be related to a particular time
period or cultural group and, as a
result, lacks any historic context
within which to evaluate the impor-
tance of the information to be gained.
DEVELOPING RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
Having established the importance
of the information that may be
recovered, it is necessary to be explicit
in demonstrating the connection
between the important information
and a specific property. One ap-
proach is to determine if specific
important research questions can be
answered by the data contained in the
property. Research questions can be
related to property -specific issues, to
broader questions about a large
geographic area, or to theoretical
issues independent of any particular
geographic location. These questions
maybe derived from the academic
community or from preservation
programs at the local, regional, State,
or national level. Research questions
are usually developed as part of a
"research design," which specifies not
only the questions to be asked, but
also the types of data needed to
supply the answers, and often the
techniques needed to recover the data.
Eligible
• When a site consisting of a vil-
lage occupation with midden
deposits, hearths, ceramics,
and stratified evidence of sev-
eral occupations is being
evaluated, three possible re-
search topics could be: 1) the
question of whether the site
occupants were indigenous to
the area prior to the time of oc-
cupation or recent arrivals, 2)
the investigation of the settle-
ment -subsistence pattern of
the occupants, 3) the question
of whether the region was a
center for the domestication of
plants. Specific questions
could include: A) Do the de-
posits show a sequential de-
velopment or sudden intro-
duction of Ceramic Type X?
B) Do the dates of the occupa-
tions fit our expectations based
on the current model for the
reoccupation behavior of
slash -and -burn agricultural-
ists? C) Can any genetic
changes in the food plant re-
mains be detected?
Not Eligible
• A property is not eligible if so
little can be understood about
it that it is not possible to de-
termine if specific important
research questions can be an-
swered by data contained in
the property.
22
ESTABLISHING THE
PRESENCE OF ADEQUATE
DATA
To support the assertion that a
property has the data necessary to
provide the important information,
the property should be investigated
with techniques sufficient to establish
the presence of relevant data catego-
ries. What constitutes appropriate
investigation techniques would
depend upon specific circumstances
including the property's location,
condition, and the research questions
being addressed, and could range
from surface survey (or photographic
survey for buildings), to the applica-
tion of remote sensing techniques or
intensive subsurface testing. Justifica-
tion of the research potential of a
property may be based on analogy to
another better known property if
sufficient similarities exist to establish
the appropriateness of the analogy.
Eligible
Data requirements depend on
the specific research topics and
questions to be addressed. To
continue the example in "De-
veloping Research Questions"
above, we might want to ascer-
tain the following with refer-
ence to questions A, B, and C:
A) The site contains Ceramic
Type X in one or more occupa-
tion levels and we expect to be
able to document the local
evaluation of the type or its in-
trusive nature. B) The hearths
contain datable carbon deposits
and are associated with more
than one occupation. C) The
midden deposits show good
floral/faunal preservation, and
we know enough about the
physical evolution of food
plants to interpret signs that
suggest domestication.
Not Eligible
• Generally, if the applicable re-
search design requires clearly
stratified deposits, then subsur-
face investigation techniques
must be applied. A site com-
posed only of surface materials
can not be eligible for its poten-
tial to yield information that
could only be found in strati-
fied deposits.
INTEGRITY
The assessment of integrity for
properties considered for information
potential depends on the data require-
ments of the applicable research
design. A property possessing
information potential does not need to
recall visually an event, person,
process, or construction technique. It
is important that the significant data
contained in the property remain
sufficiently intact to yield the ex-
pected important information, if the
appropriate study techniques are
employed.
Eligible
An irrigation system signifi-
cant for the information it will
yield on early engineering
practices can still be eligible
even though it is now filled in
and no longer retains the ap-
pearance of an open canal.
Not Eligible
A plowed archeological site
contains several superimposed
components that have been
mixed to the extent that arti-
fact assemblages cannot be re-
constructed. The site cannot
be eligible if the data require-
ments of the research design
call for the study of artifacts
specific to one component.
PARTLY EXCAVATED OR
DISTURBED PROPERTIES
The current existence of appropri-
ate physical remains must be ascer-
tained in considering a property's
ability to yield important information.
Properties that have been partly
excavated or otherwise disturbed and
that are being considered for their
potential to yield additional impor-
tant information must be shown to
retain that potential in their remaining
portions.
Eligible
A site that has been partially
excavated but still retains sub-
stantial intact deposits (or a
site in which the remaining de-
posits are small but contain
critical information on a topic
that is not well known) is eli-
gible.
Not Eligible
• A totally collected surface site
or a completely excavated bur-
ied site is not eligible since the
physical remains capable of
yielding important informa-
tion no longer exist at the site.
(See Completely Excavated Sites,
on page 24, for exception.)
Likewise, a site that has been
looted or otherwise disturbed
to the extent that the remain-
ing cultural materials have lost
their important depositional
context (horizontal or vertical
location of deposits) is not eli-
gible.
• A reconstructed mound or
other reconstructed site will
generally not be considered
eligible, because original cul-
tural materials or context or
both have been lost.
77
COMPLETELY EXCAVATED
SITES
Properties that have yielded
important information in the past and
that no longer retain additional
research potential (such as completely
excavated archeological sites) must be
assessed essentially as historic sites
under Criterion A. Such sites must be
significant for associative values
related to: 1) the importance of the
data gained or 2) the impact of the
property's role in the history of the
development of anthropology/
archeology or other relevant disci-
plines. Like other historic properties,
the site must retain the ability to
convey its association as the former
repository of important information,
the location of historic events, or the
representative of important trends.
Eligible
• A property that has been exca-
vated is eligible if the data re-
covered was of such impor-
tance that it influenced the di-
rection of research in the disci-
pline, as in a site that clearly
established the antiquity of the
human occupation of the New
World. (See Criterion A in
Part VI: How to Identify the
Type of Significance of a Property
and Criteria Consideration G
in Part VII: How to Apply the
Criteria Considerations.)
Not Eligible
• A totally excavated site that at
one time yielded important in-
formation but that no longer
can convey either its historic/
prehistoric utilization or sig-
nificant modern investigation
is not eligible.
VII. HOW TO APPLY THE
CRITERIA CONSIDERATIONS
INTRODUCTION
Certain kinds of properties are not
usually considered for listing in the
National Register: religious proper-
ties, moved properties, birthplaces
and graves, cemeteries, reconstructed
properties, commemorative proper-
ties, and properties achieving signifi-
cance within the past fifty years.
These properties can be eligible for
listing, however, if they meet special
requirements, called Criteria Consid-
erations, in addition to meeting the
regular requirements (that is, being
eligible under one or more of the four
Criteria and possessing integrity).
Part VII provides guidelines for
determining which properties must
meet these special requirements and
for applying each Criteria Consider-
ation.
The Criteria Considerations need to
be applied only to individual proper-
ties. Components of eligible districts
do not have to meet the special
requirements unless they make up the
majority of the district or are the focal
point of the district. These are the
general steps to follow when applying
the Criteria Considerations to your
property:
• Before looking at the Criteria
Considerations, make sure your
property meets one or more of
the four Criteria for Evaluation
and possesses integrity.
• If it does, check the Criteria Con-
siderations (next column) to see if
the property is of a type that is
usually excluded from the Na-
tional Register. The sections that
follow also list specific examples
of properties of each type. If
your property clearly does not fit
one of these types, then it does
not need to meet any special re-
quirements.
• If your property does fit one of
these types, then it must meet the
special requirements stipulated
for that type in the Criteria Con-
siderations.
CRITERIA
CONSIDERATIONS*
Ordinarily cemeteries, birthplaces,
or graves of historical figures, proper-
ties owned by religious institutions or
used for religious purposes, structures
that have been moved from their
original locations, reconstructed
historic buildings, properties prima-
rily commemorative in nature, and
properties that have achieved signifi-
cance within the past fifty years shall
not be considered eligible for the
National Register. However, such
properties will qualify if they are
integral parts of districts that do meet
the criteria or if they fall within the
following categories:
a. a religious property deriving pri-
mary significance from architec-
tural or artistic distinction or his-
torical importance; or
b. a building or structure removed
from its original location but
which is significant primarily for
architectural value, or which is
the surviving structure most im-
portantly associated with a his-
toric person or event; or
c. a birthplace or grave of a histori-
cal figure of outstanding impor-
tance if there is no appropriate
site or building directly associ-
ated with his or her productive
life; or
d. a cemetery which derives its pri-
mary significance from graves of
persons of transcendent impor-
tance, from age, from distinctive
design features, from association
with historic events; or
e. a reconstructed building when
accurately executed in a suitable
environment and presented in a
dignified manner as part of a res-
toration master plan, and when
no other building or structure
with the same association has
survived; or
f. a property primarily commemo-
rative in intent if design, age, tra-
dition, or symbolic value has in-
vested it with its own exceptional
significance; or,
g. a property achieving significance
within the past 50 years if it is of
exceptional importance.
*The Criteria Considerations are taken from
the Criteria for Evaluation, found in the Code of
Federal Regulations, Title 36, Part 60.
25
CRITERIA CONSIDERATION A:
RELIGIOUS PROPERTIES
A religious property is eligible if it derives its primary significance from architectural or artistic distinction or historical
importance.
UNDERSTANDING
CRITERIA
CONSIDERATION
A: RELIGIOUS
PROPERTIES
A religious property requires
justification on architectural, artistic,
or historic grounds to avoid any
appearance of judgment by govern-
ment about the validity of any reli-
gion or belief. Historic significance
for a religious property cannot be
established on the merits of a reli-
gious doctrine, but rather, for archi-
tectural or artistic values or for
important historic or cultural forces
that the property represents. A
religious property's significance
under Criterion A, B, C, or D must be
judged in purely secular terms. A
religious group may, in some cases,
be considered a cultural group whose
activities are significant in areas
broader than religious history.
Criteria Consideration for Reli-
gious Properties applies:
• If the resource was constructed
by a religious institution.
• If the resource is presently
owned by a religious institution
or is used for religious purposes.
• If the resource was owned by a
religious institution or used for
religious purposes during its Pe-
riod of Significance.
• If Religion is selected as an Area
of Significance.
Examples of Properties that MUST
Meet Criteria Consideration A: Reli-
gious Properties
• A historic church where an impor-
tant non -religious event occurred,
such as a speech by Patrick Henry.
• A historic synagogue that is signifi-
cant for architecture.
• A private residence is the site of a
meeting hnportant to religious his-
tory.
• A commercial block that is currently
owned as an investment property lnl
a religious institution.
• A historic district in which religion
zoos either a predominant or signifi-
cant function during the period of
significance.
Example of Properties that DO NOT
Need to Meet Criteria Consideration
A: Religious Properties
• A residential or commercial district
that currently contains a small mun-
ber of churches that are not a pre-
dominant feature of the district.
• A town meeting hall that serves as
the center of cone n unity activity and
houses a wide variety of public
and private meetings, including reli-
gious service. The resource is sig-
nificant for architecture and politics,
and the religious function is inciden-
tal.
• A town hall, significant for politics
from 1875 to 1925, that housed
religious services during the 1950s.
Since the religious function occurred
after the Period of Significance, the
Criteria Consideration does not ap-
ply.
APPLYING
CRITERIA
CONSIDERATION
A: RELIGIOUS
PROPERTIES
ELIGIBILITY FOR HISTORIC
EVENTS
A religious property can be eligible
under Criterion A for any of three rea-
sons:
• It is significant under a theme in
the history of religion having
secular scholarly recognition; or
• It is significant under another his-
torical theme, such as explora-
tion, settlement, social philan-
thropy, or education; or
• It is significantly associated with
traditional cultural values.
RELIGIOUS HISTORY TRADITIONAL CULTURAL ELIGIBILITY FOR HISTORIC
VALUES PERSONS
A religious property can be eligible
if it is directly associated with either a
specific event or a broad pattern in the
history of religion.
Eligible
• The site of a convention at
which a significant denomina-
tional split occurred meets the
requirements of Criteria Con-
sideration A. Also eligible is a
property that illustrates the
broad impact of a religious in-
stitution on the history of a lo-
cal area.
Not Eligible
• A religious property cannot be
eligible simply because was
the place of religious services
for a community, or was the
oldest structure used by a reli-
gious group in a local area.
OTHER HISTORICAL
THEMES
A religious property can be eligible
if it is directly associated with either a
specific event or a broad pattern that
is significant in another historic
context. A religious property would
also qualify if it were significant for
its associations that illustrate the
importance of a particular religious
group in the social, cultural, eco-
nomic, or political history of the area.
Eligibility depends on the importance
of the event or broad pattern and the
role of the specific property.
Eligible
• A religious property can
qualify for its important role
as a temporary hospital during
the Revolutionary War, or if its
school was significant in the
history of education in the
community.
Not Eligible
• A religious property is not sig-
nificant in the history of edu-
cation in a community simply
because it had occasionally
served as a school.
When evaluating properties
associated with traditional cultures, it
is important to recognize that often
these cultures do not make clear
distinctions between what is secular
and what is sacred. Criteria Consider-
ation A is not intended to exclude
traditional cultural resources merely
because they have religious uses or
are considered sacred. A property or
natural feature important to a tradi-
tional culture's religion and mythol-
ogy is eligible if its importance has
been ethnohistorically documented
and if the site can be clearly defined.
It is critical, however, that the activi-
ties be documented and that the
associations not be so diffuse that the
physical resource cannot be ad-
equately defined.8
Eligible
• A specific location or natural
feature that an Indian tribe be-
lieves to be its place of origin
and that is adequately docu-
mented qualifies under Crite-
ria Consideration A.
A religious property can be eligible
for association with a person impor-
tant in religious history, if that
significance has scholarly, secular
recognition or is important in other
historic contexts. Individuals who
would likely be considered significant
are those who formed or significantly
influenced an important religious
institution or movement, or who were
important in the social, economic, or
political history of the area. Proper-
ties associated with individuals
important only within the context of a
single congregation and lacking
importance in any other historic
context would not be eligible under
Criterion B.
Eligible
• A religious property strongly
associated with a religious
leader, such as George
Whitefield or Joseph Smith, is
eligible.
'For more information on applying Criteria Consideration A to traditional cultural properties,
refer to National Register Bulletin: Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural
Properties.
27
ELIGIBILITY FOR ELIGIBILITY FOR ABILITY TO REFLECT
ARCHITECTURAL OR INFORMATION POTENTIAL HISTORIC ASSOCIATIONS
ARTISTIC DISTINCTION
A religious property significant for
its architectural design or construc-
tion should be evaluated as are other
properties under Criterion C; that is,
it should be evaluated within an
established architectural context and,
if necessary, compared to other
properties of its type, period, or
method of construction. (See "Com-
paring Related Properties" in Part V.
How to Evaluate a Property Within Its
Historic Context.)
Eligible
• A historic camp meeting dis-
trict that meets the require-
ments of Criterion C for its sig-
nificance as a type of construc-
tion is eligible.
A religious property, whether a
district, site, building, .structure, or
object, is eligible if it can yield impor-
tant information about the religious
practices of a cultural group or other
historic themes. This kind of property
should be evaluated as are other
properties under Criterion D, in
relation to similar properties, other
information sources, and existing data
gaps.
Eligible
• A 19th century camp meeting
site that could provide infor-
mation about the length and
intensity of site use during re-
vivals of the Second Great
Awakening is eligible.
• Rock cairns or medicine
wheels that had a historic reli-
gious mythological function
and can provide information
about specific cultural beliefs
are eligible.
Criteria Consideration A - Religious Properties. A religious property can qualify
as an exception to the Criteria if it is architecturally significant. The Church of the
Navity in Rosedale, Iberville Parish, Louisiana, qualified as a rare example in the State
of a 19th century small frame Gothic Revival style chapel. (Robert Obier)
As with all eligible properties,
religious properties must physically
represent the period of time for which
they are significance. For instance, a
recent building that houses an older
congregation cannot qualify based on
the historic activities of the group
because the current building does not
convey the earlier history. Likewise,
an older building that housed the
historic activities of the congregation
is eligible if it still physically repre-
sents the period of the congregation's
significance. However, if an older
building has been remodeled to the
extent that its appearance dates from
the time of the remodeling, it can only
be eligible if the period of significance
corresponds with the period of the
alterations.
Eligible
• A church built in the 18th cen-
tury and altered beyond recog-
nition in the 19th century is
eligible only if the additions
are important in themselves as
an example of late 19th cen-
tury architecture or as a reflec-
tion of an important period of
the congregation's growth.
Not Eligible
• A synagogue built in the 1920s
cannot be eligible for the im-
portant activities of its congre-
gation in the 18th and 19th
centuries. It can only be eli-
gible for significance obtained
after its construction date.
• A rural 19th century frame
church recently sheathed in
brick is not eligible because it
has lost its characteristic ap-
pearance and therefore can no
longer convey its 19th century
significance, either for archi-
tectural value or historic asso-
ciation.
28
CRITERIA CONSIDERATION B:
MOVED PROPERTIES
A property removed from its original or historically significant location can be eligible if it is significant primarily
for architectural value or it is the surviving property most importantly associated with a historic person or event.
UNDERSTANDING APPLYING
CRITERIA
CONSIDERATION
B: MOVED
PROPERTIES
The National Register criteria limit
the consideration of moved properties
because significance is embodied in
locations and settings as well as in the
properties themselves. Moving a
property destroys the relationships
between the property and its sur-
roundings and destroys associations
with historic events and persons. A
move may also cause the loss of
historic features such as landscaping,
foundations, and chimneys, as well as
loss of the potential for associated
archeological deposits. Properties
that were moved before their period of
significance do not need to meet the
special requirements of Criteria
Consideration B.
One of the basic purposes of the
National Register is to encourage the
preservation of historic properties as
living parts of their communities. In
keeping with this purpose, it is not
usual to list artificial groupings of
buildings that have been created for
purposes of interpretation, protection,
or maintenance. Moving buildings to
such a grouping destroys the integrity
of location and setting, and can create
a false sense of historic development.
CRITERIA
CONSIDERATION
B: MOVED
PROPERTIES
ELIGIBILITY FOR
ARCHITECTURAL VALUE
A moved property significant
under Criterion C must retain enough
historic features to convey its architec-
tural values and retain integrity of
design, materials, workmanship,
feeling, and association.
Examples of Properties that MUST
Meet Criteria Consideration B:
Moved Properties
• A resource moved from one location
on its original site to another loca-
tion on the property, during or after
its Period of Significance.
• A district in which a significant
number of resources have been
moved from their original location.
• A district which has one moved
building that makes an especially
significant contribution to the dis-
trict.
• A portable resource, such as a ship or
railroad car, that is relocated to a
place incompatible with its original
function.
• A portable resource, such as a ship or
railroad car, whose importance is
critically linked to its historic loca-
tion or route and that is moved.
Examples of Properties that DO NOT
Need to Meet Criteria Consideration
B: Moved Properties
• A property that is moved prior to its
Period of Significance.
• A district in which only a small per-
centage of typical buildings in a dis-
trict are moved.
• A moved building that is part of a
complex but is of less significance
than the remaining (unmoved)
buildings.
• A portable resource, such as a ship or
railroad car, that is eligible under
Criterion C and is moved within its
natural setting (water, rails, etc.).
• A property that is raised or lowered
on its foundations.
nn
ELIGIBILITY FOR HISTORIC SETTING AND ASSOCIATION DEPENDENT
ASSOCIATIONS ENVIRONMENT ON THE SITE
A moved property significant
under Criteria A or B must be demon-
strated to be the surviving property
most importantly associated with a
particular historic event or an impor-
tant aspect of a historic person's life.
The phrase "most importantly associ-
ated" means that it must be the single
surviving property that is most
closely associated with the event or
with the part of the person's life for
which he or she is significant.
Eligible
• A moved building occupied by
an business woman during the
majority of her productive ca-
reer would be eligible if the
other extant properties are a
house she briefly inhabited
prior to her period of signifi-
cance and a commercial build-
ing she owned after her retire-
ment.
Not Eligible
• A moved building associated
with the beginning of rail
transportation in a community
is not eligible if the original
railroad station and ware-
house remained intact on their
original sites.
In addition to the requirements
above, moved properties must still
have an orientation, setting, and
general environment that are compa-
rable to those of the historic location
and that are compatible with the
property's significance.
Eligible
• A property significant as an
example of mid -19th century
rural house type can be eli-
gible after a move, provided
that it is placed on a lot that is
sufficient in size and character
to recall the basic qualities of
the historic environment and
setting, and provided that the
building is sited appropriately
in relation to natural and
manmade surroundings.
Not Eligible
• A rural house that is moved
into an urban area and a
bridge that is no longer situ-
ated over a waterway are not
eligible.
For a property whose design values
or historical associations are directly
dependent on its location, any move
will cause the property to lose its
integrity and prevent it from convey-
ing its significance.
Eligible
A farm structure significant
only as an example of'a
method of construction pecu-
liar to the local area is still eli-
gible if it is moved within that
local area and the new setting
is similar to that of the original
location.
Not Eligible
• A 19th century rural residence
that was designed around par-
ticular topographic features,
reflecting that time period's
ideals of environment, is not
eligible if moved.
PROPERTIES DESIGNED TO
BE MOVED
A property designed to move or a
property frequently moved during its
historic use must be located in a
historically appropriate setting in
order to qualify, retaining its integrity
of setting, design, feeling, and associa-
tion. Such properties include automo-
biles, railroad cars and engines, and
ships.
Eligible
• A ship docked in a harbor, a
locomotive on tracks or in a
railyard, and a bridge relo-
cated from one body of water
to another are eligible.
Not Eligible
• A ship on land in a park, a
bridge placed in a pasture, or a
locomotive displayed in an in-
door museum are not eligible.
ARTIFICIALLY CREATED
GROUPINGS
An artificially created grouping of
buildings, structures, or objects is not
eligible unless it has achieved signifi-
cance since the time of its assemblage.
It cannot be considered as a reflection
of the time period when the indi-
vidual buildings were constructed.
Eligible
• A grouping of moved historic
buildings whose creation
marked the beginning of a ma-
jor concern with past lifestyles
can qualify as an early attempt
at historic preservation and as
an illustration of that genera-
tion's values.
Not Eligible
• A rural district composed of a
farmhouse on its original site
and a grouping of historic
barns recently moved onto the
property is not eligible.
PORTIONS OF PROPERTIES
A moved portion of a building,
structure, or object is not eligible
because, as a fragment of a larger
resource, it has lost integrity of
design, setting, materials, workman-
ship, and location.
31
CRITERIA CONSIDERATION C:
BIRTHPLACES OR GRAVES
A birthplace or grave of a historical figure is eligible if the person is of outstanding importance and if there is no
other appropriate site or building directly associated with his or her productive life.
UNDERSTANDING APPLYING
CRITERIA
CONSIDERATION
C: BIRTHPLACES
AND GRAVES
Birthplaces and graves often attain
importance as reflections of the origins
of important persons or as lasting
memorials to them. The lives of
persons significant in our past nor-
mally are recognized by the National
Register through listing of properties
illustrative of or associated with that
person's productive life's work.
Birthplaces and graves, as properties
that represent the beginning and the
end of the life of distinguished indi-
viduals, may be temporally and
geographically far removed from the
person's significant activities, and
therefore are not usually considered
eligible.
Examples of Properties that MUST
Meet Criteria Consideration C: Birth-
places and Graves
• The birthplace of a significant person
who lived elsewhere during his or her
Period of Significance.
• A grave that is nominated for its as-
sociation with the significant person
buried in it.
• A grave that is nominated for infor-
oration potential.
Examples of Properties that DO NOT
Need to Meet Criteria Consideration
C: Birthplaces and Graves
• A house that was inhabited by a sig-
nificant person for his or her entire
lifetime.
• A grave located on the grounds of the
house where a significant person
spent his or her productive years.
CRITERIA
CONSIDERATION
C: BIRTHPLACES
AND GRAVES
PERSONS OF
OUTSTANDING
IMPORTANCE
The phrase "a historical figure of
outstanding importance" means that
in order for a birthplace or grave to
qualify, it cannot be simply the
birthplace or grave of a person
significant in our past (Criterion B). It
must be the birthplace or grave of an
individual who was of outstanding
importance in the history of the local
area, State, or nation. The birthplace
or grave of an individual who was
one of several people active in some
aspect of the history of a community,
a state, or the Nation would not be
eligible.
LAST SURVIVING
PROPERTY ASSOCIATED
WITH A PERSON
When an geographical area
strongly associated with a person of
outstanding importance has lost all
other properties directly associated
with his or her formative years or
productive life, a birthplace or grave
may be eligible.
71
ELIGIBILITY FOR OTHER
ASSOCIATIONS
A birthplace or grave can also be
eligible if it is significant for reasons
other than association with the
productive life of the person in
question. It can be eligible for signifi-
cance under Criterion A for associa-
tion with important events, under
Criterion B for association with the
productive lives of other important
persons, or under Criterion C for
architecturalsignificance. Abirth-
place or grave can also be eligible in
rare cases if, after the passage of time,
it is significant for its commemorative
value. (See Criteria Consideration F
for a discussion of commemorative
properties.) A birthplace or grave can
also be eligible under Criterion D if it
contains important information on
research, e.g., demography, pathol-
ogy, mortuary practices; socioeco-
nomic status differentiation.
Criteria Consideration C - Birthplaces, A birthplace of a historical figure is eligible
if the person is of outstanding importance and there is no other appropriate site or
building associated with his or her productive life. The Walter Reed Birthplace,
Gloucester vicinity, Gloucester County, Virginia is the most appropriate remaining
building associated with the life of the man who, in 1900, discovered the cause and
mode of transmission of the great scourge of the tropics, yellow fever (Virginia
Historic Landmarks Commission)
33
CRITERIA CONSIDERATION D:
CEMETERIES
A cemetery is eligible if it derives its primary significance from graves of persons of transcendent importance, from
age, from distinctive design features, or from association with historic events.
UNDERSTANDING
CRITERIA
CONSIDERATION
D: CEMETERIES
A cemetery is a collection of graves
that is marked by stones or other
artifacts or that is unmarked but
recognizable by features such as
fencing or depressions, or through
maps, or by means of testing. Cem-
eteries serve as a primary means of an
individual's recognition of family
history and as expressions of collec-
tive religious and/or ethnic identity.
Because cemeteries may embody
values beyond personal or family -
specific emotions, the National
Register criteria allow for listing of
cemeteries under certain conditions.
Examples of Properties that MUST
Meet Criteria Consideration D:
Cemeteries
• A cemetery that is nominated indi-
vidually for Criterion A, B, or C.
Examples of Properties that DO NOT
Need to Meet Criteria Consideration
D: Cemeteries
• A cemetery that is nominated along
with its associated church, but the
church is the main resource nomi-
nated.
• A cemetery that is nominated under
Criterion D for information poten-
tial.
• A cemetery that is nominated as part
of a district but is not the focal point
of the district.
Criteria Consideration D - Cemeteries. The Hancock Cemetery, Quincy, Norfolk
County, Massachusetts meets the exception to the Criteria because it derives its
primary significance from its great age (the earliest burials date from 1640) and from
the distinctive design features found in its rich collection of late 17th and early 18th
century funerary art. (N. Hobart Holly)
APPLYING
CRITERIA
CONSIDERATION
D: CEMETERIES
PERSONS OF
TRANSCENDENT
IMPORTANCE
A cemetery containing the graves
of persons of transcendent importance
may be eligible. To be of transcendent
importance the persons must have
been of great eminence in their fields
of endeavor or had a great impact
upon the history of their community,
State, or nation: (A single grave that
is the burial place of an important
person and is located in a larger
cemetery that does not qualify under
this Criteria Consideration should be
treated under Criteria Consideration
C: Birthplaces and Graves.)
Eligible
• A historic cemetery containing
the graves of a number of per-
sons who were exceptionally
significant in determining the
course of a State's political or
• economic history during a par-
ticular period is eligible.
Not Eligible
• A cemetery containing graves
of State legislators is not eli-
gible if they simply performed
the daily business of State gov-
ernment and did riot have an
outstanding impact upon the
nature and direction of the
State's history.
ELIGIBILITY ON THE BASIS
OF AGE
Cemeteries can be eligible if they
have achieved historic significance for
their relative great age in a particular
geographic or cultural context.
Eligible
• A cemetery dating from a
community's original 1830s
settlement can attain signifi-
cance from its association with
that very early period.
ELIGIBILITY FOR DESIGN
Cemeteries can qualify on the basis
of distinctive design values. These
values refer to the same design values
addressed in Criterion C and can
include aesthetic or technological
achievement in the fields of city
planning, architecture, landscape
architecture, engineering, mortuary
art, and sculpture. As for all other
nominated properties, a cemetery
must clearly express its design values
and be able to convey its historic
appearance.
Eligible
• A Victorian cemetery is eli-
gible if it clearly expresses the
aesthetic principles related to
funerary design for that pe-
riod, through such features as
the overall plan, landscaping,
statuary, sculpture, fencing,
buildings, and grave markers.
Not Eligible
• A cemetery cannot be eligible
for design values if it no
longer conveys its historic ap-
pearance because of the intro-
duction of new grave markers.
ELIGIBILITY FOR
ASSOCIATION WITH
EVENTS
Cemeteries may be associated with
historic events including specific
important events or general events
that illustrate broad patterns.
Eligible
• A cemetery associated with an
important Civil War battle is
eligible.
• A cemetery associated with the
settlement of an area by an
ethnic or cultural group is eli-
gible if the movement of the
group into the area had an im-
portant impact, if other prop-
erties associated with that
group are rare, and if few
documentary sources have
survived to provide informa-
tion about the group's
history.
Not Eligible
• A cemetery associated with a
battle in the Civil War does
not qualify if the battle was
not important in the history of
the war.
• A cemetery associated with an
area's settlement by an ethnic
or cultural group is not eli-
gible if the impact of the group
on the area cannot be estab-
lished, if other extant historic
properties better convey asso-
ciation with the group, or if
the information that the cem-
etery can impart is available in
documentary sources.
ELIGIBILITY FOR
INFORMATION POTENTIAL
Cemeteries, both historic and
prehistoric, can be eligible if they
have the potential to yield important
information. The information must be
important within a specific context
and the potential to yield information
must be demonstrated.
A cemetery can qualify if it has
potential to yield important informa-
tion provided that the information it
contains is not available in extant
documentary evidence.
Eligible
• A cemetery associated with the
settlement of a particular cul-
tural group will qualify if it
has the potential to yield im-
portant information about sub-
jects such as demography,
variations in mortuary prac-
tices, or the study of the cause
of death correlated with nutri-
tion or other variables.
INTEGRITY
Assessing the integrity of a historic
cemetery entails evaluating principal
design features such as plan, grave
markers, and any related elements
(such as fencing). Only that portion
of a historic cemetery that retains its
historic integrity can be eligible. If the
overall integrity has been lost because
of the number and size of recent grave
markers, some features such as
buildings, structures, or objects that
retain integrity may be considered as
individual properties if they are of
such historic or artistic importance
that they individually meet one or
more of the requirements listed
above.
NATIONAL CEMETERIES
National Cemeteries administered
by the Veterans Administration are
eligible because they have been
designated by Congress as primary
memorials to the military history of
the United States. Those areas within
a designated national cemetery that
have been used or prepared for the
reception of the remains of veterans
and their dependents, as well as any
landscaped areas that immediately
surround the graves may qualify.
Because these cemeteries draw their
significance from the presence of the
remains of military personnel who
have served the country throughout
its history, the age of the cemetery is
not a factor in judging eligibility,
although integrity must be present.
A national cemetery or a portion of
a national cemetery that has only been
set aside for use in the future is not
eligible.
CRITERIA CONSIDERATION E:
RECONTRUCTED PROPERTIES
A reconstructed property is eligible when it is accurately executed in a suitable environment and presented in a dig-
nified manner as part of a restoration master plan and when no other building or structure with the same associations
has survived. All three of these requirements must be met.
UNDERSTANDING
CRITERIA
CONSIDERATION E:
RECONSTRUCTED
PROPERTIES
"Reconstruction" is defined as the
reproduction of the exact form and
detail of a vanished building, struc-
ture, object, or a part thereof, as it
appeared at a specific period of time.
Reconstructed buildings fall into two
categories: buildings wholly con-
structed of new materials and build-
ings reassembled from some historic
and some new materials. Botivcatego-
ries of properties present problems in
meeting the integrity requirements of
the National Register criteria.
Examples of Properties that MUST
Meet Criteria Consideration E: Recon-
structed Properties
• A property in which most or all of the
fabric is not original.
• A district in which an important re-
source or a significant number of re-
sources are reconstructions.
Examples of Properties that DO NOT
Need to Meet Criteria Consideration E:
Reconstructed Properties
• A property that is remodeled or reno-
vated and still has the majority of its
original fabric.
APPLYING
CRITERIA
CONSIDERATION E:
RECONSTRUCTED
PROPERTIES
ACCURACY OF THE
RECONSTRUCTION
The phrase "accurately executed"
means that the reconstruction must be
based upon sound archeological,
architectural, and historic data con-
cerning the historic construction and
appearance of the resource. That
documentation should include both
analysis of any above or below ground
material and research in written and
other records.
SUITABLE ENVIRONMENT
The phrase "suitable environment"
refers to: 1) the physical context
provided by the historic district and
2) any interpretive scheme, if the
historic district is used for interpretive
purposes. This means that the
reconstructed property must be
located at the same site as the original.
It must also be situated in its original
grouping of buildings, structures, and
objects (as many as are extant), and
that grouping must retain integrity.
In addition, the reconstruction must
not be misrepresented as an authentic
historic property.
Eligible
• A reconstructed plantation
manager's office building is
considered eligible because it
is located at its historic site,
grouped with the remaining
historic plantation buildings
and structures, and the planta-
tion as a whole retains integ-
rity. Interpretation of the
plantation district includes an
explanation that the manager's
office is not the original build-
ing, but a reconstruction.
Not Eligible
The same reconstructed plan-
tation manager's office build-
ing would not qualify if it
were rebuilt at a location dif-
ferent from that of the original
building, or if the district as a
whole no longer reflected the
period for which it is signifi-
cant, or if a misleading inter-
pretive scheme were used for
the district or for the recon-
struction itself.
qv
RESTORATION MASTER LAST SURVIVING RECONSTRUCTIONS
PLANS PROPERTY OF A TYPE OLDER THAN FIFTY YEARS
Being presented "as part of a
restoration master plan" means that:
1) a reconstructed property is an
essential component in a historic
district and 2) the reconstruction is
part of an overall restoration plan for
an entire district. "Restoration" is
defined as accurately recovering the
form and details of a property and its
setting as it appeared at a particular
period by removing later work or by
replacing missing earlier work (as
opposed to completely rebuilding the
property). The master plan for the
entire property must emphasize
restoration, not reconstruction. In
other words, the master plan for the
entire resource would not be accept-
able under this consideration if it
called for reconstruction of a majority
of the resource.
Eligible
• A reconstructed plantation
manager's office is eligible if
the office were an important
component of the plantation
and if the reconstruction is one
element in an overall plan for
restoring the plantation and if
no other building or structure
with the same associations has
survived.
• The reconstruction of the plan-
tation manager's office build-
ing can be eligible only if the
majority of buildings, struc-
tures, and objects that com-
prised the plantation are ex-
tant and are being restored.
For guidance regarding resto-
ration see the Secretary of the
Interior's Standards for Historic
Preservation Projects.
This consideration also stipulates
that a reconstruction can qualify if, in
addition to the other requirements, no
other building, object, or structure
with the same association has sur-
vived. A reconstruction that is part of
a restoration master plan is appropri-
ate only if: 1) the property is the only
one in the district with which a
particular important activity or event
has been historically associated or
2) no other property with the same
associative values has survived.
After the passage of fifty years, a
reconstruction may attain its own
significance for what it reveals about
the period in which it was built,
rather than the historic period it was
intended to depict. On that basis, a
reconstruction can possibly qualify
under any of the Criteria.
90
CRITERIA CONSIDERATION F:
COMMEMORATIVE PROPERTIES
A property primarily commemorative in intent can be eligible if design, age, tradition, or symbolic value has invested
it with its own historical significance.
UNDERSTANDING
CRITERIA
CONSIDERATION F:
COMMEMORATIVE
PROPERTIES
Commemorative properties are
designed or constructed after the
occurrence of an important historic
event or after the life of an important
person. They are not directly associ-
ated with the event or with the
person's productive life, but serve as
evidence of a later generation's assess-
ment of the past. Their significance
comes from their value as cultural
expressions at the date of their cre-
ation. Therefore, a commemorative
property generally must be over fifty
years old and must possess signifi-
cance based on its own value, not on
the value of the event or person being
memorialized.
Examples of Properties that MUST
Meet Criteria Consideration F:
Commemorative Properties
• A property whose sole or primary
function is commemorative or in
which the commemorative function
is of primary significance.
Examples of Properties that DO NOT
Need to Meet Criteria Consideration
F: Commemorative Properties
• A resource that has a non-
conmienmrative primary function
or significance.
• A single marker that is a component
of a district (whether contributing or
non-contributing).
APPLYING
CRITERIA
CONSIDERATION F:
COMMEMORATIVE
PROPERTIES
ELIGIBILITY FOR DESIGN
A commemorative property derives
its design from the aesthetic values of
the period of its creation. A com-
memorative property, therefore, may
be significant for the architectural,
artistic, or other design qualities of its
own period in prehistory or history.
Eligible
• A commemorative statue situ-
ated in a park or square is eli-
gible if it expresses the aesthet-
ics or craftsmanship of the pe-
riod when it was made, meet-
ing Criterion C.
• A late 19th century statue
erected on a courthouse square
to commemorate Civil War vet-
erans would qualify if it reflects
that era's shared perception of
the noble character and valor of
the veterans and their cause.
This was commonly conveyed
by portraying idealized soldiers
or allegorical figures of battle,
victory, or sacrifice.
00
ELIGIBILITY FOR AGE,
TRADITION, OR SYMBOLIC
VALUE
A commemorative property cannot
qualify for association with the event
or person it memorializes. A com-
memorative property may, however,
acquire significance after the time of
its creation through age, tradition, or
symbolic value. This significance must
be documented by accepted methods
of historical research, including
written or oral history, and must meet
one or more of the Criteria.
Eligible
• A commemorative marker
erected by a cultural group
that believed the place was the
site of its origins is eligible if,
for subsequent generations of
the group, the marker itself be-
came the focus of traditional
association with the group's
historic identity.
• A building erected as a monu-
ment to an important histori-
cal figure will qualify if
through the passage of time
the property itself has come to
symbolize the value placed
upon the individual and is
widely recognized as a re-
minder of enduring principles
or contributions valued by the
generation that erected the
monument.
A commemorative marker
erected early in the settlement
or development of an area will
qualify if it is demonstrated
that, because of its relative
great age, the property has
long been a part of the historic
identity of the area.
Not Eligible
• A commemorative marker
erected in the past by a cul-
tural group at the site of an
event in its history would not
be eligible if the marker were
significant only for association
with the event, and it had not
become significant itself
through tradition.
• A building erected as a monu-
ment to an important histori-
cal figure would not be eligible
if its only value lay in its asso-
ciation with the individual,
and it has not come to symbol-
ize values, ideas, or contribu-
tions valued by the generation
that erected the monument.
• A commemorative marker
erected to memorialize an
event in the community's
history would not qualify sim-
ply for its association with the
event it memorialized.
INELIGIBILITY AS THE
LAST REPRESENTATIVE OF
AN EVENT OR PERSON
The loss of properties directly
associated with a significant event or
person does not strengthen the case
for consideration of a commemorative
property. Unlike birthplaces and
graves, a commemorative property
usually has no direct historic associa-
tion. The commemorative property
can qualify for historic association
only if it is clearly significant in its
own right, as stipulated above.
CRITERIA CONSIDERATION G:
PROPERTIES THAT HAVE
ACHIEVED SIGNIFICANCE
WITHIN THE LAST FIFTY YEARS9
A property achieving significance within the last fifty years is eligible if it is of exceptional importance.
UNDERSTANDING
CRITERIA
CONSIDERATION
G: PROPERTIES
THAT HAVE
ACHIEVED
SIGNIFICANCE
WITHIN THE LAST
FIFTY YEARS
The National Register Criteria for
Evaluation exclude properties that
achieved significance within the last
fifty years unless they are of excep-
tional importance. Fifty years is a
general estimate of the time needed to
develop historical perspective and to
evaluate significance. This consider-
ation guards against the listing of
properties of passing contemporary
interest and ensures that the National
Register is a list of truly historic
places.
Examples of Properties that MUST
Meet Criteria Consideration G: Prop-
erties that Have Achieved Signifi-
cance Within the Last Fifty Years
• A property that is less than fifty
years old.
• A property that continues to achieve
significance into a period less than
fifty years before the nomination.
• A property that has non-contiguous
Periods of Significance, one of which
is less than fifty years before the
nomination.
Examples of Properties that DO NOT
Need to Meet Criteria Consideration
G: Properties that Have Achieved
Significance Within the Last Fifty
Years
• A resource whose construction be-
gan over fifty years ago, but the
completion overlaps the fifty year pe-
riod by a few years or less.
• A resource that is significant for its
plan or design, which is over fifty
years old, but the actual completion
of the project overlaps the fifty year
period by a few years.
• A property that is more than fifty • A historic district in which a few
years old and had no significance properties are newer than fifty years
until a period less than fifty years old, but the majority of properties
before the nomination, and the most important Period of
Significance are greater than fifty
years old.
For more information on Criteria Consideration G, refer to National Register Bulletin: Guidelines for Evaluating and Nominating Properties that Have
Achieved Significance Within the Last Fifty Years.
APPLYING
CRITERIA
CONSIDERATION
G: PROPERTIES
THAT HAVE
ACHIEVED
SIGNIFICANCE
WITHIN THE PAST
FIFTY YEARS
ELIGIBILITY FOR
EXCEPTIONAL
IMPORTANCE
The phrase "exceptional impor-
tance" may be applied to the extraor-
dinary importance of an event or to
an entire category of resources so
fragile that survivors of any age are
unusual. Properties listed that had
attained significance in less than fifty
years include: the launch pad at Cape
Canaveral from which men first
traveled to the moon, the home of
nationally prominent playwright
Eugene O'Neill, and the Chrysler
Building (New York) significant as the
epitome of the "Style Moderne"
architecture.
Properties less than fifty years old
that qualify as exceptional because the
entire category of resources is fragile
include a recent example of a tradi-
tional sailing canoe in the Trust
Territory of the Pacific Islands, where
because of rapid deterioration of
materials, no working Micronesian
canoes exist that are more than twenty
years old. Properties that by their
nature can last more than fifty years
cannot be considered exceptionally
important because of the fragility of
the class of resources.
The phrase "exceptional impor-
tance" does not require that the
property be of national significance.
It is a measure of a property's impor-
tance within the appropriate historic
context, whether the scale of that
context is local, State, or national.
Eligible
• The General Laundry Building
in New Orleans, one of the few
remaining Art Deco Style
buildings in that city, was
listed in the National Register
when it was forty years old be-
cause of its exceptional impor-
tance as an example of that ar-
chitectural style.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
A property that has achieved
significance within the past fifty years
can be evaluated only when sufficient
historical perspective exists to deter-
mine that the property is exception-
ally important. The necessary per-
spective can be provided by scholarly
research and evaluation, and must
consider both the historic context and
the specific property's role in that
context.
In many communities, properties
such as apartment buildings built in
the 1950s cannot be evaluated because
there is no scholarly research avail-
able to provide an overview of the
nature, role, and impact of that
building type within the context of
historical and architectural develop-
ments of the 1950s.
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
RUSTIC ARCHITECTURE
Properties such as structures built
in a rustic style by the National Park
Service during the 1930s and 1940s
can be evaluated because a broad
study, National Park Service Rustic
Architecture (1977), provides the
context for evaluating properties of
this type and style. Specific examples
were listed in the National Register
prior to reaching fifty years of age
when documentation concerning the
individual properties established their
significance within the historical and
architectural context of the type and
style.
VETERANS
ADMINISTRATION
HOSPITALS
Hospitals less than fifty years old
that were constructed by the Veterans
Bureau and Veterans Administration
can be evaluated because the collec-
tion of forty-eight facilities built be-
tween 1920 and 1946 has been ana-
lyzed in a study prepared by the
agency. The study provided a historic
and architectural context for develop-
ment of veteran's care within which
hospitals could be evaluated. The ex-
ceptional importance of specific indi-
vidual facilities constructed within the
past fifty years could therefore be de-
termined based on their role and their
present integrity.
COMPARISON WITH
RELATED PROPERTIES
In justifying exceptional impor-
tance, it is necessary to identify other
properties within the geographical
area that reflect the same significance
or historic associations and to deter-
mine which properties best represent
the historic context in question.
Several properties in the area could
become eligible with the passage of
time, but few will qualify now as
exceptionally important.
POST -WORLD WAR II
PROPERTIES
Properties associated with the post -
World War II era must be identified
and evaluated to determine which
ones in an area could be judged
exceptionally important. For ex-
ample, a public housing complex may
be eligible as an outstanding expres-
sion of the nation's post-war urban
policy. A military installation could
be judged exceptionally important
because of its contribution to the Cold
War arms race. A church building in
a Southern city may have served as
the pivotal rallying point for the city's
most famous civil rights protest. A
post-war suburban subdivision may
be the best reflection of contemporary
siting and design tenets in a metro-
politan area. In each case, the nomi-
nation preparer must justify the
exceptional importance of the property
relative to similar properties in the
community, State, or nation.
ELIGIBILITY FOR
INFORMATION POTENTIAL
A property that has achieved
significance within the past fifty years
can qualify under Criterion D only if
it can be demonstrated that the
information is of exceptional impor-
tance within the appropriate context
and that the property contains data
superior to or different from those
obtainable from other sources, includ-
ing other culturally related sites. An
archeological site less than fifty years
old may be eligible if the former
inhabitants are so poorly documented
that information about their lifeways
is best obtained from examination of
the material remains.
Eligible
Data such as the rate of adop-
tion of modern technological
innovations by rural tenant
farmers in the 1950s may not
be obtainable through inter-
views with living persons but
could be gained by examina-
tion of homesites.
Not Eligible
• A recent archeological site
such as the remains of a
Navajo sheep corral used in
the 1950s would not be consid-
ered exceptionally significant
for its information potential on
animal husbandry if better in-
formation on the same topic is
available through ethno-
graphic studies or living infor-
mants.
HISTORIC DISTRICTS
Properties which have achieved
significance within the past fifty years
can be eligible for the National
Register if they are an integral part of
a district which qualifies for National
Register listing. This is demonstrated
by documenting that the property
dates from within the district's
defined Period of Significance and
that it is associated with one or more
of the district's defined Areas of
Significance.
Properties less than fifty years old
may be an integral part of a district
when there is sufficient perspective to
consider the properties as historic.
This is accomplished by demonstrat-
ing that: 1) the district's Period of
Significance is justified as a discrete
period with a defined beginning and
end, 2) the character of the district's
historic resources is clearly defined
and assessed, 3) specific resources in
the district are demonstrated to date
from that discrete era, and 4) the
majority of district properties are over
fifty years old. In these instances, it is
not necessary to prove exceptional
importance of either the district itself
or the less -than -fifty -year -old proper-
ties. Exceptional importance still
must be demonstrated for district
where the majority of properties or
the major Period of Significance is less
than fifty years old, and for less -than -
fifty -year -old properties which are
nominated individually.
PROPERTIES MORE THAN
FIFTY YEARS IN AGE, LESS
THAN FIFTY YEARS IN
SIGNIFICANCE
Properties that are more than fifty
years old, but whose significant
associations or qualities are less than
fifty years old, must be treated under
the fifty year consideration.
Eligible
• A building constructed early
in the twentieth century (and
having no architectural impor-
tance), but that was associated
with an important person
during the 1950s, must be
evaluated under Criteria Con-
sideration G because the Pe-
riod of Significance is within
the past fifty years. Such a
property would qualify if the
person was of exceptional im-
portance.
REQUIREMENT TO MEET
THE CRITERIA,
REGARDLESS OF AGE
Properties that are less than fifty
years old and are not exceptionally
important will not automatically
qualify for the National Register once
they are fifty years old. In order to be
listed in the National Register, all
properties, regardless of age, must be
demonstrated to meet the Criteria for
Evaluation.
VIII. HOW TO EVALUATE THE
INTEGRITY OF A PROPERTY
INTRODUCTION
Integrity is the ability of a prop-
erty to convey its significance. To be
listed in the National Register of
Historic Places, a property must not
only be shown to be significant under
the National Register criteria, but it
also must have integrity. The evalua-
tion of integrity is sometimes a
subjective judgment, but it must
always be grounded in an under-
standing of a property's physical
features and how they relate to its
significance.
Historic properties either retain
integrity (this is, convey their signifi-
cance) or they do not. Within the
concept of integrity, the National
Register criteria recognizes seven
aspects or qualities that, in various
combinations, define integrity.
To retain historic integrity a
property will always possess several,
and usually most, of the aspects. The
retention of specific aspects of integ-
rity is paramount for a property to
convey its significance. Determining
which of these aspects are most
important to a particular property
requires knowing why, where, and
when the property is significant. The
following sections define the seven
aspects and explain how they com-
bine to produce integrity.
SEVEN ASPECTS OF
INTEGRITY
• Location
• Design
• Setting
• Materials
• Workmanship
• Feeling
• Association
UNDERSTANDING
THE ASPECTS OF
INTEGRITY
LOCATION
Location is the place where the
historic property was constructed or
the place where the historic event
occurred. The relationship between
the property and its location is often
important to understanding why the
property was created or why some-
thing happened. The actual location
of a historic property, complemented
by its setting, is particularly important
in recapturing the sense of historic
events and persons. Except in rare
cases, the relationship between a
property and its historic associations
is destroyed if the property is moved.
(See Criteria Consideration B in Part
VII: How to Apply the Criteria Consider-
ations, for the conditions under which
a moved property can be eligible.)
DESIGN
Design is the combination of
elements that create the form, plan,
space, structure, and style of a
property. It results from conscious
decisions made during the original
conception and planning of a prop-
erty (or its significant alteration) and
applies to activities as diverse as
community planning, engineering,
architecture, and landscape architec-
ture. Design includes such elements
as organization of space, proportion,
scale, technology, ornamentation, and
materials.
A property's design reflects historic
functions and technologies as well as
aesthetics. It includes such consider-
ations as the structural system;
massing; arrangement of spaces;
pattern of fenestration; textures and
colors of surface materials; type,
amount, and style of ornamental
detailing; and arrangement and type
of plantings in a designed landscape.
Design can also apply to districts,
whether they are important primarily
for historic association, architectural
value, information potential, or a
combination thereof. For districts
significant primarily for historic
association or architectural value,
design concerns more than just the
individual buildings or structures
located within the boundaries. It also
applies to the way in which buildings,
sites, or structures are related: for
example, spatial relationships be-
tween major features; visual rhythms
in a streetscape or landscape
plantings; the layout and materials of
walkways and roads; and the relation-
ship of other features, such as statues,
water fountains, and archeological
sites.
SETTING
Setting is the physical environ-
ment of a historic property. Whereas
location refers to the specific place
where a property was built or an event
occurred, setting refers to the character
of the place in which the property
played its historical role. It involves
how, not just where, the property is
situated and its relationship to sur-
rounding features and open space.
Setting often reflects the basic
physical conditions under which a
property was built and the functions it
was intended to serve. In addition,
the way in which a property is posi-
tioned in its environment can reflect
the designer's concept of nature and
aesthetic preferences.
The physical features that constitute
the setting of a historic property can
be either natural or manmade, includ-
ing such elements as:
• Topographic features (a gorge or
the crest of a hill);
• Vegetation;
• Simple manmade features (paths
or fences); and
• Relationships between buildings
and other features or open space.
These features and their relation-
ships should be examined not only
within the exact boundaries of the
property, but also between the prop-
erty and its surroundings. This is
particularly important for districts.
MATERIALS
Materials are the physical ele-
ments that were combined or depos-
ited during a particular period of
time and in a particular pattern or
configuration to form a historic
property. The choice and combination
of materials reveal the preferences of
those who created the property and
indicate the availability of particular
types of materials and technologies.
Indigenous materials are often the
focus of regional building traditions
and thereby help define an area's
sense of time and place.
A property must retain the key
exterior materials dating from the
period of its historic significance. If
the property has been rehabilitated,
the historic materials and significant
features must have been preserved.
The property must also be an actual
historic resource, not a recreation; a
recent structure fabricated to look
historic is not eligible. Likewise, a
property whose historic features and
materials have been lost and then
reconstructed is usually not eligible.
(See Criteria Consideration E in Part
VII: How to Apply the Criteria Consider-
ations for the conditions under which
a reconstructed property can be
eligible.)
WORKMANSHIP
Workmanship is the physical
evidence of the crafts of a particular
culture or people during any given
period in history or prehistory. It is
the evidence of artisans' labor and
skill in constructing or altering a
building, structure, object, or site.
Workmanship can apply to the
property as a whole or to its indi-
vidual components. It can be ex-
pressed in vernacular methods of
construction and plain finishes or in
highly sophisticated configurations
and ornamental detailing. It can be
based on common traditions or
innovative period techniques.
Workmanship is important because
it can furnish evidence of the technol-
ogy of a craft, illustrate the aesthetic
principles of a historic or prehistoric
period, and reveal individual, local,
regional, or national applications of
both technological practices and
aesthetic principles. Examples of
workmanship in historic buildings
include tooling, carving, painting,
graining, turning, and joinery. Ex-
amples of workmanship in prehistoric
contexts include Paleo-Indian clovis
projectile points; Archaic period
beveled adzes; Hopewellian birdstone
pipes; copper earspools and worked
bone pendants; and Iroquoian effigy
pipes.
FEELING
Feeling is a property's expression
of the aesthetic or historic sense of a
particular period of time. It results
from the presence of physical features
that, taken together, convey the
property's historic character. For
example, a rural historic district
retaining original design, materials,
workmanship, and setting will relate
the feeling of agricultural life in the
19th century. A grouping of prehis-
toric petroglyphs, unmarred by
graffiti and intrusions and located on
its original isolated bluff, can evoke a
sense of tribal spiritual life.
ASSOCIATION
Association is the direct link
between an important historic event
or person and a historic property. A
property retains association if it is the
place where the event or activity
occurred and is sufficiently intact to
convey that relationship to an ob-
server. Like feeling, association
requires the presence of physical
features that convey a property's
historic character. For example, a
Revolutionary War battlefield whose
natural and manmade elements have
remained intact since the 18th century
will retain its quality of association
with the battle.
Because feeling and association
depend on individual perceptions,
their retention alone is never sufficient
to support eligibility of a property for
the National Register.
ASSESSING
INTEGRITY IN
PROPERTIES
Integrity is based on significance:
why, where, and when a property is
important. Only after significance is
fully established can you proceed to
the issue of integrity.
The steps in assessing integrity are:
• Define the essential physical fea-
tures that must be present for a
property to represent its signifi-
cance.
• Determine whether the essential
physical features are visible
enough to convey their signifi-
cance.
• Determine whether the property
needs to be compared with simi-
lar properties. And,
• Determine, based on the signifi-
cance and essential physical fea-
tures, which aspects of integrity
are particularly vital to the prop-
erty being nominated and if they
are present.
Ultimately, the question of integ-
rity is answered by whether or not the
property retains the identity for
which it is significant.
Ac
DEFINING THE ESSENTIAL
PHYSICAL FEATURES
All properties change over time. It
is not necessary for a property to
retain all its historic physical features
or characteristics. The property must
retain, however, the essential physical
features that enable it to convey its
historic identity. The essential
physical features are those features
that define both why a property is
significant (Applicable Criteria and
Areas of Significance) and when it was
significant (Periods of Significance).
They are the features without which a
property can no longer be identified
as, for instance, a late 19th century
dairy barn or an early 20th century
commercial district.
CRITERIA A AND B
A property that is significant for its
historic association is eligible if it
retains the essential physical features
that made up its character or appear-
ance during the period of its associa-
tion with the important event, histori-
cal pattern, or person(s). If the
property is a site (such as a treaty site)
where there are no material cultural
remains, the setting must be intact.
Archeological sites eligible under
Criteria A and B must be in overall
good condition with excellent preser-
vation of features, artifacts, and
spatial relationships to the extent that
these remains are able to convey
important associations with events or
persons.
CRITERION C
A property important for illustrat-
ing a particular architectural style or
construction technique must retain
most of the physical features that
constitute that style or technique. A
property that has lost some historic
materials or details can be eligible if it
retains the majority of the features
that illustrate its style in terms of the
massing, spatial relationships, propor-
tion, pattern of windows and doors,
texture of materials, and ornamenta-
tion. The property is not eligible,
however, if it retains some basic
features conveying massing but has
lost the majority of the features that
once characterized its style.
Archeological sites eligible under
Criterion C must be in overall good
condition with excellent preservation
of features, artifacts, and spatial
relationships to the extent that these
remains are able to illustrate a site
type, time period, method of construc-
tion, or work of a master.
CRITERION D
For properties eligible under
Criterion D, including archeological
sites and standing structures studied
for their information potential, less
attention is given to their overall
condition, than it they were being
considered under Criteria A, B, or C.
Archeological sites, in particular, do
not exist today exactly as they were
formed. There are always cultural
and natural processes that alter the
deposited materials and their spatial
relationships.
For properties eligible under
Criterion D, integrity is based upon
the property's potential to yield
specific data that addresses important
research questions, such as those
identified in the historic context
documentation in the Statewide
Comprehensive Preservation Plan or
in the research design for projects
meeting the Secretory of t/te Interior's
Standards for Archeological Docu,nenta-
Lion.
INTERIORS
Some historic buildings are virtu-
ally defined by their exteriors, and
their contribution to the built environ-
ment can be appreciated even if their
interiors are not accessible. Examples
of this would include early examples
of steel -framed skyscraper construc-
tion. The great advance in American
technology and engineering made by
these buildings can be read from the
outside. The change in American
popular taste during the 19th century,
from the symmetry and simplicity of
architectural styles based on classical
precedents, to the expressions of High
Victorian styles, with their combina-
tion of textures, colors, and asym-
metrical forms, is readily apparent
from the exteriors of these buildings.
Other buildings "are" interiors.
The Cleveland Arcade, that soaring
19th century glass -covered shopping
area, can only be appreciated from the
inside. Other buildings in this
category would be the great covered
train sheds of the 19th century.
In some cases the loss of an interior
will disqualify properties from listing
in the National Register —a historic
concert hall noted for the beauty of its
auditorium and its fine acoustic
qualities would be the type of prop-
erty that if it were to lose its interior,
it would lose its value as a historic
resource. In other cases, the over-
arching significance of a property's
exterior can overcome the adverse
effect of the loss of an interior.
In borderline cases particular
attention is paid to the significance of
the property and the remaining
historic features.
HISTORIC DISTRICTS
For a district to retain integrity as a
whole, the majority of the compo-
nents that make up the district's
historic character must possess
integrity even if they are individually
undistinguished. In addition, the
relationships among the district's
components must be substantially
unchanged since the period of signifi-
cance.
When evaluating the impact of
intrusions upon the district's integ-
rity, take into consideration the
relative number, size, scale, design,
and location of the components that
do not contribute to the significance.
A district is not eligible if it contains
so many alterations or new intrusions
that it no longer conveys the sense of
a historic environment.
A component of a district cannot
contribute to the significance if:
• it has been substantially altered
since the period of the district's
significance or
• it does not share the historic asso-
ciations of the district.
VISIBILITY OF PHYSICAL
FEATURES
Properties eligible under Criteria
A, B, and C must not only retain their
essential physical features, but the
features must be visible enough to
convey their significance. This means
that even if a property is physically
intact, its integrity is questionable if
its significant features are concealed
under modern construction. Archeo-
logical properties are often the
exception to this; by nature they
usually do not require visible features
to convey their significance.
NON -HISTORIC EXTERIORS SUNKEN VESSELS RARE EXAMPLES OF A
PROPERTY TYPE
If the historic exterior building
material is covered by non -historic
material (such as modern siding), the
property can still be eligible if the
significant form, features, and detail-
ing are not obscured. If a property's
exterior is covered by a non -historic
false -front or curtain wall, the prop-
erty will not qualify under Criteria A,
B, or C, because it does not retain the
visual quality necessary to convey
historic or architectural significance.
Such a property also cannot be
considered a contributing element in a
historic district, because it does not
add to the district's sense of time and
place. If the false front, curtain wall,
or non -historic siding is removed and
the original building materials are
intact, then the property's integrity
can be re-evaluated.
PROPERTY CONTAINED
WITHIN ANOTHER
PROPERTY
Some properties contain an earlier
structure that formed the nucleus for
later construction. The exterior
property, if not eligible in its own
right, can qualify on the basis of the
interior property only if the interior
property can yield significant infor-
mation about a specific construction
technique or material, such as
rammed earth or tabby. The interior
property cannot be used as the basis
for eligibility if it has been so altered
that it no longer contains the features
that could provide important infor-
mation, or if the presence of impor-
tant information cannot be demon-
strated.
A sunken vessel can be eligible
under Criterion C as embodying the
distinctive characteristics of a method
of construction if it is structurally
intact. A deteriorated sunken vessel,
no longer structurally intact, can be
eligible under Criterion D if the
remains of either the vessel or its
contents is capable of yielding signifi-
cant information. For further infor-
mation, refer to National Register
Bulletin: Nominating Historic Vessels
and Shipwrecks to the National Register
of Historic Places.
Natural Features
A natural feature that is associated
with a historic event or trend, such as
a rock formation that served as a trail
marker during westward expansion,
must retain its historic appearance,
unobscured by modern construction
or landfill. Otherwise it is not eli-
gible, even though it remains intact.
COMPARING SIMILAR
PROPERTIES
For some properties, comparison
with similar properties should be
considered during the evaluation of
integrity. Such comparison may be
important in deciding what physical
features are essential to properties of
that type. In instances where it has
not been determined what physical
features a property must possess in
order for it to reflect the significance
of a historic context, comparison with
similar properties should be under-
taken during the evaluation of integ-
rity. This situation arises when
scholarly work has not been done on a
particular property type or when
surviving examples of a property type
are extremely rare. (See Comparing
Related Properties in Part V: How to
Evaluate a Property within its Historic
Context.)
Comparative information is
particularly important to consider
when evaluating the integrity of a
property that is a rare surviving
example of its type. The property
must have the essential physical
features that enable it to convey its
historic character or information. The
rarity and poor condition, however, of
other extant examples of the type may
justify accepting a greater degree of
alteration or fewer features, provided
that enough of the property survives
for it to be a significant resource.
Eligible
• A one -room schoolhouse that
has had all original exterior
siding replaced and a replace-
ment roof that does not exactly
replicate the original roof pro-
file can be eligible if the other
extant rare examples have re-
ceived an even greater degree
of alteration, such as the sub-
division of the original one -
room plan.
Not Eligible
• A mill site contains informa-
tion on how site patterning re-
flects historic functional re-
quirements, but parts of the
site have been destroyed. The
site is not eligible for its infor-
mation potential if a compari-
son of other mill sites reveals
more intact properties with
complete information.
47
DETERMINING THE
RELEVANT ASPECTS OF
INTEGRITY
Each type of property depends on
certain aspects of integrity, more than
others, to express its historic signifi-
cance. Determining which of the
aspects is most important to a particu-
lar property requires an understand-
ing of the property's significance and
its essential physical features.
CRITERIA A AND B
A property important for associa-
tion with an event, historical pattern,
or person(s) ideally might retain some
features of all seven aspects of integ-
rity: location, design, setting, materi-
als, workmanship, feeling, and
association. Integrity of design and
workmanship, however, might not be
as important to the significance, and
would not be relevant if the property
were a site. A basic integrity test for a
property associated with an important
event or person is whether a historical
contemporary would recognize the
property as it exists today.
For archeological sites that are
eligible under Criteria A and B, the
seven aspects of integrity can be
applied in much the same way as they
are to buildings, structures, or objects.
It is important to note, however, that
the site must have demonstrated its
ability to convey its significance, as
opposed to sites eligible under Crite-
rion D where only the potential to
yield information is required.
Eligible
A mid -19th century waterpowered
mill important for its association
with an area's industrial develop-
ment is eligible if:
• it is still on its original site
(Location), and
• the important features of its
setting are intact (Setting), and
• it retains most of its historic
materials (Materials), and
• it has the basic features expres-
sive of its design and function,
such as configuration, propor-
tions, and window pattern
(Design).
Not Eligible
A mid -19th century water -
powered mill important for its
association with an area's indus-
trial development is not eligible
if:
• it has been moved (Location,
Setting, Feeling, and Associa-
tion), or
• substantial amounts of new
materials have been incorpo-
rated (Materials, Workman-
ship, and Feeling), or
• it no longer retains basic de-
sign features that convey its
historic appearance or
function (Design, Workman-
ship, and Feeling).
CRITERION C
A property significant under
Criterion C must retain those physi-
cal features that characterize the type,
period, or method of construction that
the property represents. Retention of
design, workmanship, and materials
will usually be more important than
location, setting, feeling, and associa-
tion. Location and setting will be
important, however, for those proper-
ties whose design is a reflection of
their immediate environment (such as
designed landscapes and bridges).
For archeological sites that are
eligible under Criterion C, the seven
aspects of integrity can be applied in
much the same way as they are to
buildings, structures, or objects. It is
important to note, however, that the
site must have demonstrated its ability
to convey its significance, as opposed
to sites eligible under Criterion D
where only the potential to yield
information is required.
Eligible
A 19th century wooden covered
bridge, important for illustrating
a construction type, is eligible if:
• the essential features of its de-
sign are intact, such as abut-
ments, piers, roof configura-
tion, and trusses (Design,
Workmanship, and Feeling),
and
• most of the historic materials
are present (Materials, Work-
manship, and Feeling), and
• evidence of the craft of
wooden bridge technology re-
mains, such as the form and
assembly technique of the
trusses (Workmanship).
• Since the design of a bridge re-
lates directly to its function as
a transportation crossing, it is
also important that the bridge
still be situated over a water-
way (Setting, Location, Feel-
ing, and Association).
Not Eligible
For a 19th century wooden cov-
ered bridge, important for its
construction type, replacement
of some materials of the flooring,
siding, and roofing would not
necessarily damage its integrity.
Integrity would be lost, however,
if:
• the abutments, piers, or trusses
were substantially altered (De-
sign, Workmanship, and Feel-
ing) or
• considerable amounts of new
materials were incorporated
(Materials, Workmanship,
and Feeling).
• Because environment is a
strong factor in the design of
this property type, the bridge
would also be ineligible if it no
longer stood in a place that
conveyed its function as a
crossing (Setting, Location,
Feeling, and Association).
CRITERION D
For properties eligible under
Criterion D, setting and feeling may
not have direct bearing on the
property's ability to yield important
information. Evaluation of integrity
probably will focus primarily on the
location, design, materials, and
perhaps workmanship.
Eligible
A multicomponent prehistoric
site important for yielding data
on changing subsistence patterns
can be eligible if:
• floral or faunal remains are
found in clear association with
cultural material (Materials
and Association) and
• the site exhibits stratigraphic
separation of cultural compo-
nents (Location).
Not Eligible
A multicomponent prehistoric
site important for yielding data
on changing subsistence patterns
would not be eligible if:
• floral or faunal remains were
so badly decomposed as to
make identification impossible
(Materials), or
• floral or faunal remains were
disturbed in such a manner as
to make their association with
cultural remains ambiguous
(Association), or
• the site has lost its strati -
graphic context due to subse-
quent land alterations
(Location).
Eligible
A lithic scatter site important for
yielding data on lithic technology
during the Late Archaic period
can be eligible if:
• the site contains lithic
debitage, finished stone tools,
hammerstones, or antler
Bakers (Material and Design),
and
• the site contains datable mate-
rial (Association).
Not Eligible
A lithic scatter site important for
yielding data on lithic technology
during the Late Archaic period
would not be eligible if:
• the site contains natural de-
posits of lithic materials that
are impossible to distinguish
from culturally modified lithic
material (Design) or
• the site does not contain any
temporal diagnostic evidence
that could link the site to the
Late Archaic period (Associa-
tion).
IX. SUMMARY OF THE
NATIONAL HISTORIC
LANDMARKS CRITERIA FOR
EVALUATION
A property being nominated to the
National Register may also merit
consideration for potential designa-
tion as a National Historic Landmark.
Such consideration is dependent upon
the stringent application of the
following distinct set of criteria
(found in the Code of Federal Regula-
tions, Title 36, Part 65).
NATIONAL
HISTORIC
LANDMARKS
CRITERIA
The quality of national significance
is ascribed to districts, sites, buildings,
structures, and objects that possess
exceptional value or quality in illus-
trating or interpreting the heritage of
the United States in history, architec-
ture, archeology, engineering, and
culture and that possess a high degree
of integrity of location, design,
setting, materials, workmanship,
feeling, and association, and:
1. That are associated with events
that have made a significant con-
tribution to, and are identified
with, or that outstandingly repre-
sent, the broad national patterns
of United States history and from
which an understanding and ap-
preciation of those patterns may
be gained; or
2. That are associated importantly
with the lives of persons nation-
ally significant in the history of
the United States; or
3. That represent some great idea
or ideal of the American people;
or
4. That embody the distinguishing
characteristics of an architectural
type specimen exceptionally
valuable for a study of a period,
style or method of construction,
or that represent a significant,
distinctive and exceptional entity
whose components may lack in-
dividual distinction; or
5. That are composed of integral
parts of the environment not suf-
ficiently significant by reason of
historical association or artistic
merit to warrant individual rec-
ognition but collectively compose
an entity of exceptional historical
or artistic significance, or out-
standingly commemorate or il-
lustrate a way of life or culture;
or
6. That have yielded or may be
likely to yield information of ma-
jor scientific importance by re-
vealing new cultures, or by shed-
ding light upon periods of occu-
pation over large areas of the
United States. Such sites are
those which have yielded, or
which may reasonably be ex-
pected to yield, data affecting
theories, concepts and ideas to a
major degree.
NATIONAL
HISTORIC
LANDMARK
EXCLUSIONS
Ordinarily, cemeteries, birthplaces,
graves of historical figures, properties
owned by religious institutions or
used for religious purposes, structures
that have been moved from their
original locations, reconstructed his-
toric buildings and properties that
have achieved significance within the
past fifty years are not eligible for des-
ignation. If such properties fall
within the following categories they
may, nevertheless, be found to
qualify:
1. A religious property deriving its
primary national significance
from architectural or artistic dis-
tinction or historical importance;
or
2. A building or structure removed
from its original location but
which is nationally significant
primarily for its architectural
merit, or for association with per-
sons or events of transcendent
importance in the nation's his-
tory and the association conse-
quential; or
3. A site of a building or structure
no longer standing but the per-
son or event associated with it is
of transcendent importance in the
nations's history and the associa-
tion consequential; or
4. A birthplace, grave or burial if it
is of a historical figure of tran-
scendent national significance
and no other appropriate site,
building, or structure directly as-
sociated with the productive life
of that person exists; or
5. A cemetery that derives its pri-
mary national significance from
graves of persons of transcendent
importance, or from an exception-
ally distinctive design or an ex-
ceptionally significant event; or
6. A reconstructed building or en-
semble of buildings of extraordi-
nary national significance when
accurately executed in a suitable
environment and presented in a
dignified manner as part of a res-
toration master plan, and when
no other buildings or structures
with the same association have
survived; or
7. A property primarily commemo-
rative in intent if design, age, tra-
dition, or symbolic value has in-
vested it with its own national
historical significance; or
8. A property achieving national
significance within the past 50
years if it is of extraordinary na-
tional importance.
COMPARING THE
NATIONAL
HISTORIC
LANDMARKS
CRITERIA AND THE
NATIONAL
REGISTER
CRITERIA
In general, the instructions for
preparing a National Register nomina-
tion and the guidelines stated in this
bulletin for applying the National
Register Criteria also apply to Land-
mark nominations and the use of the
Landmark criteria. While there are
specific distinctions discussed below,
Parts IV and V of this bulletin apply
equally to National Register listings
and Landmark nominations. That is,
the categories of historic properties are
defined the same way; historic con-
texts are identified similarly; and
comparative evaluation is carried out
on the same principles enumerated in
Part V.
There are some differences between
National Register and National
Historic Landmarks Criteria. The
following is an explanation of how
each Landmark Criterion compares
with its National Register Criteria
counterpart:
CRITERION 1
This Criterion relates to National
Register Criterion A. Both cover
properties associated with events.
The Landmark Criterion, however,
requires that the events associated
with the property be outstandingly
represented by that property and that
the property be related to the broad
national patterns of U.S. history..
Thus, the quality of the property to
convey and interpret its meaning
must be of a higher order and must
relate to national themes rather than
the narrower context of State or local
themes.
CRITERION 2
This Criterion relates to National
Register Criterion B. Both cover
properties associated with significant
people. The Landmark Criterion
differs in that it specifies that the
association of a person to the property
in question be an important one and
that the person associated with the
property be of national significance.
CRITERION 3
This Criterion has no counterpart
among the National Register Criteria.
It is rarely, if ever, used alone. While
not a landmark at present, the Liberty
Bell is an object that might be consid-
ered under this Criterion. The appli-
cation of this Criterion obviously
requires the most careful scrutiny and
would apply only in rare instances
involving ideas and ideals of the
highest order.
CRITERION 4
This Criterion relates to National
Register Criterion C. Its intent is to
qualify exceptionally important works
of architecture or collective elements
of architecture extraordinarily signifi-
cant as an ensemble, such as a historic
district. Note that the language is
more restrictive than that of the
National Register Criterion in requir-
ing that a candidate in architecture be
"a specimen exceptionally valuable for
the study of a period, style, or method
of construction" rather than simply
embodying distinctive characteristics
of a type, period, or method of con-
struction. With regard to historic
districts, the Landmarks Criterion
requires an entity that is distinctive
and exceptional. Unlike National
Register Criterion C, this Criterion will
not qualify the works of a master, per
se, but only such works which are
exceptional or extraordinary. Artistic
value is considered only in the context
of history's judgement in order to
avoid current conflicts of taste.
CRITERION 5
This Criterion does not have a strict
counterpart among the National
Register Criteria. It may seem redun-
dant of the latter part of Landmark
Criterion 4. It is meant to cover
collective entities such as Greenfield
Village and historic districts like New
Bedford, Massachusetts, which qualify
for their collective association with a
nationally significant event, move-
ment, or broad pattern of national
development.
CRITERION 6
The National Register counterpart
of this is Criterion D. Criterion 6 was
developed specifically to recognize
archeological sites. All such sites must
address this Criterion. The following
are the qualifications that distinguish
this Criterion from its National Regis-
ter counterpart: the information
yielded or likely to be yielded must be
of major scientific importance by
revealing new cultures, or by shedding
light upon periods of occupation over
large areas of the United States. Such
sites should be expected to yield data
affecting theories, concepts, and ideas to a
major degree.
The data recovered or expected to
be recovered must make a major
contribution to the existing corpus of
information. Potentially recoverable
data must be likely to revolutionize or
substantially modify a major theme in
history or prehistory, resolve a sub-
stantial historical or anthropological
debate, or close a serious gap in a
major theme of U. S. history or prehis-
tory.
EXCLUSIONS AND
EXCEPTIONS TO
THE EXCLUSIONS
This section of the National His-
toric Landmarks Criteria has its
counterpart in the National Register's
"Criteria Considerations." The most
abundant difference between them is
the addition of the qualifiers "na-
tional," "exceptional," or "extraordi-
nary" before the word significance.
Other than this, the following are the
most notable distinctions:
EXCLUSION 2
Buildings moved from their
original location, qualify only if one of
two conditions are met: 1) the build-
ing is nationally significant for
architecture, or 2) the persons or
events with which they are associated
are of transcendent national signifi-
cance and the association is conse-
quential.
Transcendent significance means
an order of importance higher than
that which would ordinarily qualify a
person or event to be nationally
significant. A consequential associa-
tion is a relationship to a building that
had an evident impact on events,
rather than a connection that was
incidental and passing.
EXCLUSION 3
This pertains to the site of a struc-
ture no longer standing. There is no
counterpart to this exclusion in the
National Register Criteria. In order
for such a property to qualify for
Landmark designation it must meet
the second condition cited for Exclu-
sion 2.
EXCLUSION 4
This exclusion relates to Criteria
Consideration C of the National
Register Criteria. The only difference
is that a burial place qualifies for
Landmark designation only if, in
addition to other factors, the person
buried is of transcendent national
importance.
When evaluating properties at the
national level for designation as a
National Historic Landmark, please
refer to the National Historic Land-
marks outline, History and Prehistory
in the National Park System and the
National Historic Landmarks Program,
1987. (For more information about
the National Historic Landmarks
program, please write to Department
of the Interior, National Park Service,
National Historic Landmarks, 1849 C
Street, NW, NC400, Washington, DC
20240.)
X. GLOSSARY
Associative Qualities - An aspect of a
property's history that links it with
historic events, activities, or
persons.
Code of Federal Regulations -
Commonly referred to as "CFR."
The part containing the National
Register Criteria is usually referred
to as 36 CFR 60, and is available
from the National Park Service.
CLG - Certified Local Government.
Culture - A group of people linked
together by shared values, beliefs,
and historical associations, together
with the group's social institutions
and physical objects necessary to
the operation of the institution.
Cultural Resource - See Historic
Resource.
Evaluation - Process by which the
significance and integrity of a
historic property are judged and
eligibility for National Register
listing is determined.
Historic Context - An organizing
structure for interpreting history
that groups information about
historic properties that share a
common theme, common geo-
graphical area, and a common time
period. The development of
historic contexts is a foundation for
decisions about the planning,
identification, evaluation, registra-
tion, and treatment of historic
properties, based upon compara-
tive historic significance.
Historic Integrity - The unimpaired
ability of a property to convey its
historical significance.
Historic Property - See Historic
Resource.
Historic Resource - Building, site,
district, object, or structure evalu-
ated as historically significant.
Identification - Process through
which information is gathered
about historic properties.
Listing - The formal entry of a prop-
erty in the National Register of
Historic Places. See also, Registra-
tion.
Nomination - Official recommenda-
tion for listing a property in the
National Register of Historic
Places.
Property Type - A grouping of
properties defined by common
physical and associative attributes.
Registration - Process by which a
historic property is documented
and nominated or determined
eligible for listing in the National
Register.
Research Design - A statement of
proposed identification, documen-
tation, investigation, or other
treatment of a historic property
that identifies the project's goals,
methods and techniques, expected
results, and the relationship of the
expected results to other proposed
activities or treatments.
XI. LIST OF NATIONAL
REGISTER BULLETINS
The Basics
How to Apply National Register Criteria for Evaluation
Guidelines for Completing National Register of Historic Places Form
Part A: How to Complete the National Register Form *
Part B: How to Complete the National Register Multiple Property Documentation Form
Researching a Historic Property
Property Types
Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Historic Aids to Navigation *
Guidelines for Identifying, Evaluating and Registering America's Historic Battlefields
Guidelines for Evaluating and Registering Historical Archeological Sites
Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Historic Aviation Properties
Guidelines for Evaluating and Registering Cemeteries and Burial Places
How to Evaluate and Nominate Designed Historic Landscapes
Guidelines for Identifying, Evaluating and Registering Historic Mining Sites
How to Apply National Register Criteria to Post Offices *
Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Properties Associated with Significant Persons
Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Properties That Have Achieved Significance Within the Last Fifty Years
Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Rural Historic Landscapes *
Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties
Nominating Historic Vessels and Shipwrecks to the National Register of Historic Places
Technical Assistance
Defining Boundaries for National Register Properties*
Guidelines for Local Surveys: A Basis for Preservation Planning
How to Improve the Quality of Photographs for National Register Nominations
National Register Casebook: Examples of Documentation *
Using the UTM Grid System to Record Historic Sites
To order these publications, write to: National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, 1849 C St., NC 400, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240, or
e-mail at: nr_reference@nps.gov. Publications marked with an asterisk (*) are also available in electronic form at www.er.nps.gov/nr.